📚 Year 9 CAIE Sociology: Key Terms and Quick Revision Guide | 9年级CAIE社会学：关键术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-fire guide to essential sociological terminology. Mastering these key terms is the foundation for success in Year 9 CAIE Sociology, helping you describe, explain and analyse the social world with confidence. Use the paired English and Chinese explanations to deepen your understanding and speed up your revision.
欢迎来到你的社会学关键术语速记指南。掌握这些核心词汇是取得9年级CAIE社会学成功的基础，能帮助你自信地描述、解释和分析社会世界。请利用下面英文和中文的配对解释，加深理解，加速复习。
1. Society and Culture | 社会与文化
Society refers to a large group of people who live in the same geographical area, share a common culture and interact with one another through persistent relationships.
社会指的是生活在同一地理区域、共享共同文化并通过持续关系相互交往的一大群人。
Culture is the entire way of life of a society – it includes language, beliefs, values, norms, customs, dress, food, music and all the material and non‑material elements passed from one generation to the next.
文化是一个社会的整个生活方式——它包括语言、信仰、价值观、规范、习俗、服饰、饮食、音乐以及所有代代相传的物质和非物质元素。
A subculture is a smaller group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values, such as youth subcultures, religious groups or occupational groups.
亚文化是较大文化中的较小群体，有自己独特的规范和价值观，例如青年亚文化、宗教群体或职业群体。
Cultural universals are patterns or traits that are common to all known societies – for example, family structures, language, rituals for birth and death, and rules about property.
文化普遍性是指所有已知社会共有的模式或特征——例如家庭结构、语言、生与死的仪式以及有关财产的规则。
2. Norms and Values | 规范与价值观
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are expected and considered acceptable in a specific situation or group. They guide our daily actions and differ across cultures and time.
规范是指在特定情境或群体中被期望且被认为可接受的不成文行为规则。它们指导着我们的日常行为，并因文化和时代而异。
Values are the deep‑seated beliefs about what is right, wrong, desirable or undesirable. Values underpin norms – for example, if a society values education, a norm might be that young people attend school regularly.
价值观是关于对错、合意与否的根深蒂固的信念。价值观是规范的基础——例如，如果一个社会重视教育，那么年轻人定期上学就可能成为一条规范。
Sociologists distinguish between folkways (everyday habits that are followed but not severely punished if broken) and mores (norms that are taken seriously because they embody fundamental moral values, such as laws against stealing).
社会学家区分民风（日常遵循的习惯，违背时不会受到严厉惩罚）与习俗（被认真对待的规范，因为它们体现了基本道德价值观，比如禁止偷窃的法律）。
When a norm becomes written down and enforced by an official body, it becomes a law.
当规范被写下来并由官方机构执行时，它就成了法律。
3. Socialisation and its Types | 社会化及其类型
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the culture of their society – the norms, values, language, skills and roles needed to function as a member of the group.
社会化是一个贯穿终生的过程，个体通过它学习所在社会的文化——即作为群体一员所必需的规范、价值观、语言、技能和角色。
Primary socialisation takes place in early childhood, mainly within the family. It is the first and most intense stage, where a child learns basic language, norms and values, and forms a sense of self.
初级社会化发生在儿童早期，主要在家庭中进行。这是第一个也是最强烈的阶段，儿童在此学习基本的语言、规范与价值观，并形成自我意识。
Secondary socialisation occurs later in life through agencies such as schools, peer groups, the media and workplaces. It builds on primary socialisation and teaches more specific skills and expectations for wider society.
次级社会化发生在生命后期，通过学校、同伴群体、媒体和工作场所等媒介进行。它以初级社会化为基础，教授更具体的技能和更广泛社会的期望。
Re‑socialisation involves unlearning old norms and learning new ones, often in a highly controlled environment such as a prison, military boot camp or a residential school.
再社会化涉及摒弃旧规范、学习新规范，常常发生在高度控制的环境中，如监狱、新兵训练营或寄宿学校。
4. Agents of Socialisation | 社会化的媒介
Agents of socialisation are the people, groups and institutions that teach us the norms and values of our society. The main agents vary in importance throughout life.
社会化的媒介是那些教我们社会规范和价值观的人、群体和机构。主要媒介在一生中的重要性会发生变化。
| Agent | Role in socialisation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Family | Primary socialisation; teaches love, language, morality, gender roles | Parents reading bedtime stories |
| Education | Transmits knowledge, discipline, competition, cooperation and citizenship | School assemblies, uniform rules |
| Peer group | Influences behaviour, fashion, slang; offers a sense of belonging | Friends setting trends on TikTok |
| Media | Shapes opinions, provides role models, reinforces or challenges stereotypes | TV shows, influencers, news |
| Religion | Teachings moral values, rituals and a sense of purpose | Sunday school, festivals |
The table above summarises the key agents of socialisation. 'Agent' refers to the institution, 'Role' outlines its function in teaching culture, and 'Example' gives a concrete instance.
上表总结了社会化的关键媒介。“Agent”指机构，“Role”概述其教导文化的功能，“Example”给出具体事例。
5. Social Control and Sanctions | 社会控制与制裁
Social control refers to the various methods used to persuade or force people to conform to the dominant norms and values of a society. It can be formal or informal.
社会控制是指用来说服或强迫人们遵守社会主流规范与价值观的各种方法。它可以是正式或非正式的。
Informal social control is based on everyday reactions from people around us – a smile, a telling‑off, ridicule or being ignored. It is often exercised by family, peers and neighbours.
非正式社会控制基于我们周围人的日常反应——一个微笑、一次责备、嘲笑或被忽视。它通常由家人、同龄人和邻居实施。
Formal social control is carried out by agencies that have been given official authority, such as the police, courts, schools and employers. It involves written rules and prescribed punishments.
正式社会控制由被授予官方权力的机构执行，如警察、法院、学校和雇主。它涉及成文规则和规定的惩罚。
Sanctions are rewards or punishments used to enforce norms. They can be positive (reward) or negative (punishment), and formal or informal.
制裁是用于执行规范的奖励或惩罚。它们可以是积极的（奖励）或消极的（惩罚），也可以是正式或非正式的。
| Type | Formal | Informal |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | Medal, certificate, promotion | Smile, compliment, high‑five |
| Negative | Fine, imprisonment, expulsion | Frown, gossip, exclusion |
Using the table above, you can quickly see the four categories of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative. Every social situation involves a mix of these.
利用上表，你可以快速看到制裁的四个类别：正式积极、正式消极、非正式积极和非正式消极。每种社会情境都涉及这些制裁的混合。
6. Identity: Self and Social | 身份：自我与社会
Identity is how we see ourselves and how others see us. It is shaped by our social interactions and membership of various groups.
身份是我们如何看待自己以及他人如何看待我们。它由我们的社会互动和对各种群体的归属塑造而成。
Personal identity is the unique sense of who we are as individuals – our personality traits, interests and life history.
个人身份是作为个体我们是谁的独特感觉——包括我们的个性特征、兴趣爱好和生活经历。
Social identity is the part of our self‑concept that comes from the groups we belong to, such as nationality, gender, ethnicity, social class and religion. These group memberships give us a sense of belonging.
社会身份是我们自我概念中来自所属群体的部分，例如国籍、性别、种族、社会阶层和宗教。这些群体身份赋予我们归属感。
The concept of labelling shows how identity can be affected by the names or categories others attach to us. A label such as 'troublemaker' or 'high achiever' can become part of a person's self‑image.
标签概念揭示了身份如何受到他人贴在我们身上的名称或类别的影响。诸如“捣蛋鬼”或“成绩优异者”这样的标签可能成为一个人自我形象的一部分。
Stigma is a deeply discrediting label that spoils a person's identity in the eyes of others, often leading to discrimination.
污名是一种严重损害身份的标签，使他人在别人眼中的形象受损，往往导致歧视。
7. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
Status refers to the social position a person holds in a group or society. It can be ascribed (given at birth, such as prince or princess) or achieved (gained through one's own effort, such as a student becoming a doctor).
地位是指一个人在群体或社会中占据的社会位置。它可以是先赋的（与生俱来，如王子或公主）或自致的（通过自身努力获得，如学生成为医生）。
Every status has an associated role – the set of expectations, rights and duties attached to that position. For example, a teacher's role includes delivering lessons, marking work and mentoring students.
每种地位都有一个与之相联的角色——即附加于该位置的期望、权利和义务的集合。例如，教师的角色包括授课、批改作业和指导学生。
Role conflict occurs when a person faces incompatible demands from two or more statuses at the same time, such as being a parent and a full‑time manager.
角色冲突发生在一个人同时面临来自两个或多个地位的不相容要求时，例如同时身为父母和全职经理人。
Role strain is the tension felt when difficulties exist within a single status, such as a student trying to balance a heavy workload in the same role.
角色紧张是指单一地位内部存在困难时所感受到的张力，例如一个学生试图在同一角色内平衡繁重的学习任务。
8. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification is the way society is organised into layers or strata based on factors such as wealth, power, prestige or caste. It creates structured inequality between groups.
社会分层是指社会根据财富、权力、声望或种姓等因素被组织成层级的方式。它造成了群体之间的结构性不平等。
Sociologists identify different systems of stratification: slavery (ownership of people), caste (status fixed at birth, traditionally in India), estate (feudal systems) and social class (open system based mainly on economic position).
社会学家识别出不同的分层系统：奴隶制（拥有人身）、种姓制（出生就固定地位，传统上在印度）、等级制（封建制度）和社会阶级（主要以经济地位为基础的开放系统）。
Social class in industrial societies is often measured by occupation, income, education and lifestyle. Classes are relatively open, meaning people can move up or down – this is called social mobility.
工业社会中的社会阶级通常以职业、收入、教育和生活方式来衡量。阶级相对开放，意味着人们可以向上或向下流动——这被称为社会流动。
Life chances refer to the opportunities a person has to improve their quality of life, including access to healthcare, education, housing and a long life. A person's class position strongly influences their life chances.
生活机会是指一个人提高其生活质量的机会，包括获得医疗、教育、住房和长寿的机会。一个人的阶级地位极大地影响其生活机会。
Social inequality can also be linked to poverty: absolute poverty is a severe deprivation of basic needs; relative poverty is about being poor in relation to the average standard of living in a particular society.
社会不平等也与贫困有关：绝对贫困是基本需求的严重匮乏；相对贫困则是相对于特定社会平均生活水平而言的贫穷。
9. Gender, Ethnicity and Life Chances | 性别、种族与生活机会
Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females, while gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women.
生理性别（Sex）指男性和女性之间的生物学差异，而社会性别（Gender）指一个社会认为适合男性和女性的社会建构的角色、行为和属性。
Gender roles are the expected ways of behaving based on one's gender, which vary across cultures and change over time. For example, the expectation that women handle most caregiving tasks is a gender role.
性别角色是基于一个人性别的期望行为方式，它们因文化而异并随时间变化。例如，期望女性承担大部分照料任务就是一种性别角色。
Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage, often based on common language, religion, history and traditions. Unlike race, which is linked to physical characteristics, ethnicity is primarily about cultural identity.
种族（Ethnicity）是共享的文化遗产，通常基于共同的语言、宗教、历史和传统。与关联体貌特征的种族（race）不同，种族性主要关乎文化身份。
Sociologists study how gender and ethnicity can affect life chances. For instance, some ethnic minority groups may face discrimination in employment, and women may encounter a gender pay gap.
社会学家研究性别和种族如何影响生活机会。例如，一些少数族裔群体可能在就业中面临歧视，而女性可能遇到性别工资差距。
The concept of intersectionality highlights that people's lives are shaped by multiple, overlapping identities – such as being a working‑class woman of a minority ethnic background – which combine to create unique experiences of advantage or disadvantage.
交叉性概念强调，人们的生活受到多重、重叠身份的影响——比如身为工人阶级的少数族裔女性——这些身份结合在一起，创造出独特的优势或劣势体验。
10. Study Tips for Sociological Terminology | 社会学术语学习技巧
Build your own glossary of key terms with a column for the English term, a short definition and a real‑life example. Review it for a few minutes each day – spaced repetition works wonders for memory.
建立你自己的术语表，包含英文单词、简短定义和现实生活中的例子。每天花几分钟复习——间隔重复对记忆效果神奇。
Use mnemonics and acronyms. For example, remember the agents of socialisation as 'FEEPR' – Family, Education, Employment, Peers, Religion/media. Visualise each agent with a concrete image.
使用记忆技巧和首字母缩略词。例如，将社会化的媒介记为“FEEPR”——家庭(Family)、教育(Education)、工作(Employment)、同伴(Peers)、宗教/媒体(Religion/media)。为每个媒介配上具体的图像。
Teach a friend or explain a concept out loud in both English and your own words. If you can explain it clearly, you truly understand it. This bilingual approach tunes your brain to recall terms quickly in an exam.
教一位朋友或用你的话大声地用双语解释一个概念。如果你能清晰地解释它，你就真正理解了。这种双语方法能训练你的大脑在考试中快速回忆起术语。
Create mind maps linking terms to classical studies or theories. Place 'socialisation' in the centre, then branch out to primary, secondary, agencies, sanctions and identity. Use colours and sketches.
制作思维导图，将术语与经典研究或理论联系起来。把“社会化”放在中心，然后分支到初级社会化、次级社会化、媒介、制裁和身份。使用颜色和草图。
Finally, practise with past‑paper questions that ask you to define terms. Write your answer, then check against this guide. Over time, you will embed all these terms into your long‑term memory.
最后，练习要求你给术语下定义的历年真题。写下你的答案，然后对照本指南检查。随着时间的推移，你会把这些术语都植入长期记忆中。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图