📚 Year 9 CCEA Psychology: Glossary and Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 9 CCEA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of psychology is the first step to understanding the human mind and behaviour. In this guide, we walk through essential terms from the Year 9 CCEA Psychology curriculum, offering clear definitions and memorable shortcuts to help you retain each concept with confidence.
掌握心理学的语言是理解人类思维与行为的第一步。在这份指南中，我们将梳理 Year 9 CCEA 心理学课程中的核心术语，为每个概念提供清晰的定义和难忘的记忆捷径，帮助你自信地掌握每一个知识点。
1. Psychology Defined | 心理学的定义
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It asks how people think, feel, and act in different situations, and it uses research methods to test ideas rather than relying on common sense alone.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。它探究人们在不同情境下如何思考、感受和行动，并使用研究方法来检验观点，而不仅仅依赖常识。
Memory tip: Think of 'Psyche' (mind) + 'ology' (study of) — literally the study of the mind. Picture a scientist holding a magnifying glass to a brain to remind yourself it is evidence-based.
记忆技巧：把 'Psyche'（心灵）和 'ology'（学科）结合起来——字面意思就是研究心灵的学问。想象一位科学家拿着放大镜观察大脑，提醒自己这门学科是以实证为基础的。
2. Behaviour and Mental Processes | 行为与心理过程
Psychologists study both observable behaviour (actions that can be seen and measured) and mental processes (internal experiences such as thoughts, memories, and emotions). While behaviour is overt, mental processes are covert.
心理学家既研究可观察的行为（可以看到并测量的动作），也研究心理过程（内部体验，如思维、记忆和情绪）。行为是外显的，而心理过程是内隐的。
tal processes = Mind (what we think and feel). Keep the B-M (Body-Mind) link in your head.
记忆技巧：行为 = 身体（我们做了什么），心理过程 = 心智（我们想了什么、感受到什么）。在脑海中锁定“身体-心智（B-M）”这组联系。
3. Cognitive Processes | 认知过程
Cognition refers to all mental activities involved in knowing, including attention, perception, memory, language, and thinking. Cognitive psychologists investigate how we take in information, organise it, store it, and use it.
认知指的是所有与“知晓”有关的心理活动，包括注意、知觉、记忆、语言和思维。认知心理学家研究我们如何获取信息、组织信息、储存信息并加以运用。
Memory tip: Think of your brain as a computer: input (perception), processing (thinking), storage (memory), and output (language).
记忆技巧：把大脑想象成一台电脑：输入（感知）、处理（思考）、存储（记忆）和输出（语言）。
4. Short-term Memory and Long-term Memory | 短时记忆与长时记忆
Short-term memory (STM) holds a small amount of information for a brief period — typically around 7 items for about 20 seconds if not rehearsed. Long-term memory (LTM), by contrast, can store a vast amount of information for years or even a lifetime.
短时记忆（STM）能在短时间内保存少量信息——如果不进行复述，大约能容纳 7 个项目，持续 20 秒左右。而长时记忆（LTM）则能储存大量信息，持续数年甚至一生。
Memory tip: Imagine a small, leaky bucket (STM) that can only hold a few pebbles unless you pour them into a giant safe (LTM) through rehearsal.
记忆技巧：想象一只漏水的小桶（STM），只能装几颗石子，除非你通过复述把它们倒入一个巨大的保险箱（LTM）里。
5. Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval | 编码、储存与提取
Memory depends on three fundamental stages. Encoding transforms sensory input into a form that the brain can use. Storage maintains the encoded information over time. Retrieval brings stored information back into conscious awareness when needed.
记忆依赖三个基本阶段。编码将感觉输入转换成大脑可用的形式。储存将编码后的信息随时间保持下来。提取在需要时把储存的信息重新带回意识中。
eating the file), Storage = saving it on a hard drive, Retrieval = opening the file again.
记忆技巧：把这当作保存文件：编码 = 打字（创建文件），储存 = 存入硬盘，提取 = 重新打开文件。
6. Perception and Sensation | 知觉与感觉
Sensation is the process of detecting physical energy from the environment through your senses (light, sound, pressure, etc.). Perception is the brain's job of interpreting and making sense of these sensory signals. You sense light waves; you perceive a face.
感觉是通过感官（光、声、压力等）探测环境中物理能量的过程。知觉则是大脑解读并赋予这些感觉信号意义的工作。你感觉到光波，却知觉到一张面孔。
phone picking up sound), Perception = interpretation (like a musician recognising a tune).
记忆技巧：感觉 = 探测（像麦克风拾取声音），知觉 = 解读（像音乐家辨认出旋律）。
7. Visual Illusions and Constancies | 视觉错觉与恒常性
An illusion happens when perception does not match physical reality — the brain makes a wrong interpretation. Perceptual constancies, on the other hand, help us see objects as unchanging despite changes in distance, angle, or lighting (size constancy, shape constancy, colour constancy).
当知觉与物理现实不符——大脑作出错误解读时，就产生错觉。而知觉恒常性则帮助我们在距离、角度或光线变化时，仍将物体视为不变（大小恒常性、形状恒常性、颜色恒常性）。
Memory tip: Illusions trick the brain; constancies keep the world stable. Remember the Müller-Lyer illusion — two lines of equal length can appear different, a classic CCEA example.
记忆技巧：错觉欺骗大脑；恒常性让世界保持稳定。记住缪勒-莱尔错觉——两条等长的线段看起来不同，这是 CCEA 经典例子。
8. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group, often due to real or imagined social pressure. Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure, even if it goes against personal morals. Asch's line study and Milgram's shock experiment are key illustrations.
从众是指为了与群体一致而在行为或信念上做出改变，通常源于真实的或想象的社会压力。服从则是遵从权威人物发出的直接命令，即使这违背个人道德。阿希的线段研究和米尔格拉姆的电击实验是说明这两种现象的关键例子。
ormity = going along with the crowd (peers), Obedience = following orders (authority). Use 'C' for crowd and 'O' for order.
记忆技巧：从众 = 随大流（同伴），服从 = 执行命令（权威）。用 'C' 代表人群（crowd），'O' 代表命令（order）。
9. Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination | 偏见、刻板印象与歧视
A stereotype is a fixed, oversimplified belief about a group of people. Prejudice is a negative attitude based on that stereotype, and discrimination is the unfair behaviour that results from prejudice. The three concepts form a ‘ABC’ sequence: Affect (prejudice), Behaviour (discrimination), Cognition (stereotype).
刻板印象是对某一群体的固定且过度简化的看法。偏见是基于这种刻板印象产生的消极态度，而歧视则是偏见导致的不公平行为。这三个概念构成“ABC”序列：情感（偏见）、行为（歧视）、认知（刻板印象）。
reotype = what you think, Prejudice = how you feel, Discrimination = what you do. Remember 'Think, Feel, Do'.
记忆技巧：刻板印象 = 你想了什么，偏见 = 你感受如何，歧视 = 你做了什么。记住“想、感、做”三步。
10. Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning | 经典条件作用与操作性条件作用
Classical conditioning involves learning through association. A neutral stimulus (like a bell) becomes linked to a reflex (like salivation) when repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food). Operant conditioning is learning through consequences — behaviour is shaped by reinforcement (increasing behaviour) or punishment (decreasing behaviour).
经典条件作用是通过联想进行学习。一个中性刺激（如铃声）与无条件刺激（食物）反复配对后，就会与反射反应（如唾液分泌）建立联系。操作性条件作用则是通过后果来学习——行为由强化（增加行为）或惩罚（减少行为）塑造。
Memory tip: Classical = association (Pavlov's dogs: bell → food → salivate). Operant = consequences (Skinner's rats: lever press → food → repeat). Think 'Classic pairs, Operant pays'.
记忆技巧：经典条件 = 联想（巴甫洛夫的狗：铃声 → 食物 → 分泌唾液）。操作条件 = 后果（斯金纳的老鼠：按杠杆 → 食物 → 重复动作）。想想“经典靠配对，操作靠回报”。
11. Research Methods: IV, DV, and Hypothesis | 研究方法：自变量、因变量与假设
In an experiment, the independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher manipulates or changes. The dependent variable (DV) is what is measured — the effect of the change. A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between the IV and DV, often stated as a directional or null hypothesis.
在实验中，自变量（IV）是研究者操纵或改变的因素。因变量（DV）是被测量的结果——改变带来的效应。假设是对自变量与因变量关系的一个可检验的预测，通常以方向性假设或零假设的形式陈述。
y tip: IV = what I vary, DV = what I measure (the Data). Hypothesis is your educated guess — you test it. 'If I change IV, then DV will happen.'
记忆技巧：IV = 我改变什么（I Vary），DV = 我测量什么（Data）。假设就是你有根据的猜测——你要去检验它。“如果我改变 IV，那么 DV 就会发生”。
12. Ethical Considerations in Psychology | 心理学中的伦理考量
Psychological research must follow ethical guidelines to protect participants. Key principles include informed consent (participants know what they are agreeing to), right to withdraw (can leave at any time), confidentiality (data kept private), and protection from harm (no lasting physical or psychological distress).
心理学研究必须遵循伦理准则以保护参与者。核心原则包括知情同意（参与者了解自己同意接受什么）、退出权（可随时离开）、保密性（数据不对外泄露）和免受伤害（不造成持久的身心痛苦）。
Memory tip: Think of the simple acronym 'CARE': Consent, Ability to withdraw, Risk-free (protection), and Ethics/confidentiality. A caring researcher follows CARE.
记忆技巧：用简单缩略词 'CARE' 来记：Consent（同意）、Ability to withdraw（可退出）、Risk-free（免受伤害）和 Ethics/confidentiality（伦理与保密）。一位关怀他人的研究者遵循 CARE。
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