📚 French Quick Reference: Formulas & Rules | Year 9 CAIE 法语公式定理速查手册
Mastering French grammar is much like learning a set of reliable formulas. Once you know the pattern, you can apply it to hundreds of words. This handbook brings together the most important rules, conjugations and structures that Year 9 CAIE French students need to have at their fingertips. Think of each section as a mini formula sheet — perfect for quick revision and classroom confidence.
掌握法语语法就像学习一套可靠的公式。一旦你掌握了规律,就能将其应用到成百上千的单词上。本手册汇集了 Year 9 CAIE 法语学生必须烂熟于心的重要规则、变位和句型结构。你可以把每一节都看作一张迷你公式表——非常适合快速复习,让你在课堂上充满信心。
1. The -er Verb Conjugation Formula | -er 动词变位公式
Regular -er verbs form the largest group in French. To conjugate them in the present tense, remove the -er ending to find the stem, then add the endings that match the subject.
规则 -er 动词是法语中最大的一类。要在现在时变位,去掉词尾 -er 找到词干,然后加上与主语相对应的词尾。
The standard endings are -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.
标准词尾为 -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。
Example with parler (to speak):
以 parler(说话)为例:
| Subject | Conjugation |
|---|---|
| je | parle |
| tu | parles |
| il/elle/on | parle |
| nous | parlons |
| vous | parlez |
| ils/elles | parlent |
Note that the je, tu, il/elle/on and ils/elles forms are pronounced the same way, even though the spellings differ. The -ent ending is silent.
请注意 je, tu, il/elle/on 和 ils/elles 的形式虽然拼写不同,但发音相同。词尾 -ent 不发音。
2. The -ir and -re Conjugation Patterns | -ir 与 -re 动词的变位模式
Two other regular groups follow their own formulas. The verb finir (to finish) represents the regular -ir group, while vendre (to sell) shows the regular -re pattern.
另外两类规则动词也有各自的公式。finir(完成)代表规则 -ir 动词,而 vendre(卖)则展示规则 -re 动词的模式。
Finir uses the endings -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent.
finir 使用的词尾是 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。
Vendre drops the -re and adds -s, -s, (nothing), -ons, -ez, -ent.
vendre 去掉 -re 后加上 -s, -s,(无词尾), -ons, -ez, -ent。
Here are the full conjugations:
以下是完整的变位表:
| Subject | Finir | Vendre |
|---|---|---|
| je | finis | vends |
| tu | finis | vends |
| il/elle/on | finit | vend |
| nous | finissons | vendons |
| vous | finissez | vendez |
| ils/elles | finissent | vendent |
Keep in mind that some -ir verbs, like dormir and partir, behave differently. However, the finir model covers a large number of useful verbs.
请记住,有些 -ir 动词(如 dormir 和 partir)变位不同。不过,finir 模式涵盖了大量常用动词。
3. The Big Four: être, avoir, faire, aller | 四大不规则动词
These four verbs are the backbone of everyday French. Their present tense forms must be memorised — there is no shortcut formula for them.
这四个动词是日常法语的基础。它们的现在时形式必须死记硬背——没有捷径公式可循。
| Subject | être (to be) | avoir (to have) | faire (to do/make) | aller (to go) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| je | suis | ai | fais | vais |
| tu | es | as | fais | vas |
| il/elle/on | est | a | fait | va |
| nous | sommes | avons | faisons | allons |
| vous | êtes | avez | faites | allez |
| ils/elles | sont | ont | font | vont |
These verbs also serve as auxiliary verbs in compound tenses and appear in countless expressions. Knowing them inside out is essential.
这些动词还充当复合时态的助动词,并出现在无数表达中。彻底掌握它们至关重要。
4. Passé Composé: The Compound Past Formula | 复合过去时公式
The passé composé expresses completed past actions. Its formula is:
复合过去时 表示已完成的过去动作。其公式为:
Subject + auxiliary (avoir/être) + past participle
主语 + 助动词 (avoir/être) + 过去分词
Most verbs use avoir. The past participle of -er verbs ends in -é (parler → parlé), -ir verbs in -i (finir → fini), and -re verbs in -u (vendre → vendu).
大多数动词使用 avoir。-er 动词的过去分词以 -é 结尾(parler → parlé),-ir 动词以 -i 结尾(finir → fini),-re 动词以 -u 结尾(vendre → vendu)。
A small set of verbs uses être, often remembered by the acronym DR MRS VANDERTRAMP (venir, arriver, naître, descendre, etc.). With être, the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number: add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural.
有一小部分动词使用 être,常通过助记串 DR MRS VANDERTRAMP 来记忆(venir, arriver, naître, descendre 等)。使用 être 时,过去分词要与主语性数配合:阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。
Example: Elle est allée au cinéma. (She went to the cinema.)
例句:Elle est allée au cinéma.(她去了电影院。)
5. Futur Simple: The Future Stem + Endings | 简单将来时公式
The futur simple is formed by adding the following endings to the future stem: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
简单将来时 的构成方式是在将来词干后加上以下词尾:-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。
For most verbs, the future stem is simply the infinitive: parler → je parlerai, finir → je finirai. However, many common verbs have irregular stems that must be learnt.
对大多数动词而言,将来词干就是动词不定式:parler → je parlerai,finir → je finirai。但许多常用动词的词干不规则,需要单独记忆。
| Infinitive | Future stem | Example (je) |
|---|---|---|
| être | ser- | je serai |
| avoir | aur- | j'aurai |
| faire | fer- | je ferai |
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