📚 Year 9 CCEA Science: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 9 CCEA 科学:公式定理速查手册
This handbook provides a summary of the key formulas and theorems you will encounter in Year 9 CCEA Science. Use it to revise, practice calculations, and reinforce your understanding of the core principles in physics, chemistry and biology.
本手册总结了 Year 9 CCEA 科学课程中会遇到的关键公式与定理,助你复习、练习计算并巩固物理、化学和生物学的核心理念。
1. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离和时间
Speed is a measure of how far an object travels in a given time. The relationship between speed, distance and time is given by:
s = d / t
速度衡量物体在给定时间内运动的距离。速度、距离和时间的关系为:s = d / t,其中 s 代表速度(米每秒,m/s),d 代表距离(米,m),t 代表时间(秒,s)。
2. Density | 密度
Density measures how much mass is packed into a certain volume. It is calculated by dividing mass by volume.
D = m / V
密度反映单位体积内所含质量的大小。计算公式为 D = m / V,其中 D 为密度(kg/m³ 或 g/cm³),m 为质量(kg 或 g),V 为体积(m³ 或 cm³)。
3. Pressure (Solids) | 压强(固体)
Pressure tells us how concentrated a force is over an area. The larger the force on a small area, the higher the pressure.
P = F / A
压强表示单位面积上所承受的压力大小。公式 P = F / A,P 为压强(帕斯卡,Pa),F 为垂直作用力(牛顿,N),A 为受力面积(平方米,m²)。
4. Ohm's Law | 欧姆定律
Ohm’s Law describes the relationship between voltage, current and resistance in a circuit at constant temperature.
V = I × R
欧姆定律表明,温度不变时,导体两端的电压与通过它的电流成正比。公式 V = I × R,V 为电压(伏特,V),I 为电流(安培,A),R 为电阻(欧姆,Ω)。
5. Work Done | 做功
Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance. Energy is transferred when work is done.
W = F × d
力使物体沿力的方向移动时做了功。公式 W = F × d,W 为做功(焦耳,J),F 为力(牛顿,N),d 为在力的方向上移动的距离(米,m)。
6. Power | 功率
Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. A higher power means work is done more quickly.
P = W / t
功率描述做功或能量转移的快慢。公式 P = W / t,P 为功率(瓦特,W),W 为做功(焦耳,J),t 为时间(秒,s)。
7. Moment of a Force | 力矩
The moment of a force is the turning effect it produces around a pivot. It depends on the size of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot.
M = F × d
力矩是力产生的转动效果。公式 M = F × d,M 为力矩(牛顿米,Nm),F 为力(N),d 为力臂即支点到力作用线的垂直距离(m)。
8. Weight and Mass | 重量与质量
Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object. It is directly proportional to the object’s mass.
W = m × g
重量是地球引力对物体的作用力。公式 W = m × g,W 为重量(N),m 为质量(kg),g 为重力场强度(地球上约为 9.8 N/kg,计算时常取 10 N/kg)。
9. Hooke's Law | 胡克定律
Hooke’s Law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
F = k × x
胡克定律指出,在弹性限度内,弹簧的伸长量与所施加的力成正比。公式 F = k × x,F 为力(N),k 为弹簧常数(N/m),x 为伸长量(m)。
10. Magnification (Biology) | 放大倍率(生物学)
Magnification describes how many times larger an image appears compared to the real specimen. It is essential when using microscopes.
M = I / A
放大倍率表示图像是实际标本大小的多少倍。公式 M = I / A,其中 M 为放大倍率(无单位),I 为图像大小,A 为实际大小(两者须用相同单位)。
11. Law of Conservation of Mass | 质量守恒定律
During a chemical reaction, no atoms are created or destroyed. The total mass of the reactants always equals the total mass of the products.
mass of reactants = mass of products
在化学反应中,原子不会凭空产生或消失,反应物的总质量必定等于生成物的总质量。
12. Newton's First Law of Motion | 牛顿第一运动定律
An object will remain at rest or move with a constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it. This is often called the law of inertia.
An object at rest stays at rest, an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
任何物体都要保持静止或匀速直线运动状态,直到有外力迫使它改变这种状态为止。这一定律又称惯性定律。
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