📚 Year 9 CCEA Physics: Key Terminology Quick-Study Guide | Year 9 CCEA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-reference terminology guide for Year 9 CCEA Physics. Mastering the key words and phrases will help you explain concepts clearly and tackle exam questions with confidence. Use this guide to learn, test yourself, and reinforce your understanding of essential physics vocabulary. Each section pairs English and Chinese explanations so you can build a bilingual physics vocabulary.
欢迎使用 Year 9 CCEA 物理术语速记指南。掌握关键词汇和短语将帮助你清晰解释概念，自信应对考试题目。利用本指南学习、自测并巩固对核心物理词汇的理解。每一节都提供中英双语解释，帮助你建立双语物理词汇库。
1. Fundamental Quantities | 基本物理量
Scalar quantity: A physical quantity that has magnitude (size) only. It does not involve direction. Common examples are mass, time, distance, temperature and energy.
标量：只有大小而没有方向的物理量。常见的例子有质量、时间、距离、温度和能量。
Vector quantity: A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Force, velocity, displacement and acceleration are all vector quantities.
矢量：既有大小又有方向的物理量。力、速度、位移和加速度都是矢量。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass is a scalar and does not change with location.
质量：物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克 (kg)。质量是标量，不随位置改变。
Weight: eld strength (W = m g). Weight is a vector and varies with location; on Earth g ≈ 10 N/kg.
重量：作用在物体上的重力，单位为牛顿 (N)。重量 = 质量 × 引力场强度 (W = m g)。重量是矢量，会随地点改变；地球上 g 约取 10 N/kg。
Density: kg/m³ or g/cm³. It tells us how tightly packed the particles are. density = mass / volume.
密度：单位体积的质量，通常单位为 kg/m³ 或 g/cm³。它表示粒子的密集程度。密度 = 质量 / 体积。
2. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Speed: t is a scalar and does not involve direction. average speed = total distance / total time.
速率：物体经过距离的快慢程度。它是标量，不涉及方向。平均速率 = 总路程 / 总时间。
Velocity: Speed in a given direction. Velocity is a vector. Even if speed stays the same, a change in direction means a change in velocity.
速度：在某方向上的速率。速度是矢量。即使速率保持不变，方向改变也意味着速度改变。
Acceleration: elocity) / time. It is measured in m/s². Positive acceleration means speeding up; negative (deceleration) means slowing down.
加速度：速度变化的快慢。加速度 = (末速度 - 初速度) / 时间，单位为 m/s²。正加速度表示加速，负加速度（减速度）表示减速。
Force: A push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Measured in newtons (N). Unbalanced forces cause acceleration; balanced forces keep an object moving at constant velocity or at rest.
力：能够改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉作用，单位为牛顿 (N)。不平衡力引起加速度；平衡力使物体保持匀速直线运动或静止。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. Friction can be useful (e.g. walking) or unwanted (e.g. engine wear).
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。摩擦力可能是有益的（如行走），也可能是有害的（如发动机磨损）。
Newton's First Law: An object stays at rest or moves with constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant external force. This is also called the law of inertia.
牛顿第一定律：除非受到合外力的作用，否则物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。这也称为惯性定律。
3. Energy | 能量
Kinetic energy (Eₖ): m is mass and v is speed. The faster or heavier an object, the more kinetic energy it has.
动能 (Eₖ)：物体由于其运动而具有的能量。Eₖ = ½ m v²，其中 m 为质量，v 为速率。物体运动越快或质量越大，动能越大。
Gravitational potential energy (Eₚ): ion in a gravitational field. Eₚ = m g h, where h is the height above the reference point.
重力势能 (Eₚ)：物体由于其在引力场中的位置而储存的能量。Eₚ = m g h，其中 h 是相对于参考点的高度。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred from one form to another. The total energy in a closed system remains constant.
能量守恒：能量既不能被创造，也不能被消灭；它只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式。封闭系统中的总能量保持不变。
Work done: in the direction of the force (W = F d). Work and energy are both measured in joules (J).
做功：当一个力使物体移动时，力做了功。做功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离 (W = F d)。功和能量的单位都是焦耳 (J)。
Power: y is : The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. power = work done / time taken (P = W / t). It is measured in watts (W).
功率：做功或能量转化快慢的物理量。功率 = 做功 / 时间 (P = W / t)，单位为瓦特 (W)。
Efficiency: tput to total energy input. efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%. It is always less than or equal to 100% for real machines.
效率：输出的有用能量与输入总能量之比。效率 = (有用输出能量 / 总输入能量) × 100%。实际机器的效率总是小于或等于 100%。
4. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge. Measured in amperes (A), which is equivalent to coulombs per second. In a metal conductor, current is a flow of electrons.
电流 (I)：电荷流动的快慢，单位为安培 (A)，相当于库仑每秒。在金属导体中，电流是电子的定向流动。
Voltage (V): The electrical potential difference between two points. It tells us how much energy is transferred per unit charge. Measured in volts (V). A higher voltage pushes more current through a circuit.
电压 (V)：两点之间的电势差。它表示单位电荷转移的能量多少，单位为伏特 (V)。电压越高，推动电路中的电流越大。
Resistance (R): ses the flow of current. Measured in ohms (Ω). Resistance = voltage / current (R = V / I).
电阻 (R)：元件对电流阻碍作用的度量，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。电阻 = 电压 / 电流 (R = V / I)。
Ohm's Law: ough it is directly proportional to the voltage across it. This can be written as V = I R.
欧姆定律：对于恒温下的金属导体，通过它的电流与导体两端的电压成正比。可表示为 V = I R。
Electrical charge (Q): current × time (Q = I t). Protons carry positive charge, electrons carry negative charge.
电荷 (Q)：粒子的一种属性，单位为库仑 (C)。电荷量 = 电流 × 时间 (Q = I t)。质子带正电荷，电子带负电荷。
5. Circuit Components | 电路元件
Resistor: A component designed to have a fixed resistance. It limits current and converts electrical energy into heat. Circuit symbols are standardised.
固定电阻：电阻值固定的元件。它限制电流并将电能转化为热能。电路符号是标准化的。
Variable resistor (rheostat): A resistor whose resistance can be adjusted, often by sliding a contact. Used to control current or voltage in a circuit.
可变电阻（变阻器）：电阻值可调的电阻器，通常通过滑动触点实现。用于控制电路中的电流或电压。
Diode: A component that allows current to flow in only one direction. It has very low resistance in the forward direction and very high resistance in reverse.
二极管：只允许电流单向导通的元件。正向电阻很低，反向电阻很高。
Fuse: A thin wire designed to melt and break the circuit if the current exceeds a safe value. It protects appliances from overcurrent.
保险丝：一根细导线，当电流超过安全值时它会熔断，从而切断电路。它能保护电器免受过电流损害。
Series circuit: A circuit where components are connected end to end in a single loop. The current is the same everywhere, but the supply voltage is shared.
串联电路：元件依次首尾连接形成单一回路的电路。各处电流相等，而电源电压被各元件分担。
Parallel circuit: A circuit where components are connected on separate branches. The voltage across each branch is the same, but the total current is the sum of branch currents.
并联电路：元件连接在不同支路上的电路。各支路两端电压相等，而总电流等于各支路电流之和。
6. Waves | 波
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its rest position. In a transverse wave, it is the height of a crest or depth of a trough. It relates to the energy carried by the wave.
振幅：波上某点离开平衡位置的最大位移。在横波中，它是波峰的高度或波谷的深度。振幅与波携带的能量有关。
Wavelength (λ): The distance between two consecutive corresponding points on a wave, such as crest to crest or compression to compression. Measured in metres (m).
波长 (λ)：波上两个相邻的对应点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰或疏部到疏部。单位为米 (m)。
Frequency (f): es passing a point per second. Measured in hertz (Hz). frequency = 1 / period (f = 1 / T).
频率 (f)：每秒钟通过某点的完整波的数量，单位为赫兹 (Hz)。频率 = 1 / 周期 (f = 1 / T)。
Wave speed (v): s energy. wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = f λ). Wave speed depends on the medium.
波速 (v)：波传输能量的速度。波速 = 频率 × 波长 (v = f λ)。波速取决于传播介质。
Transverse wave: A wave in which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Examples include light waves and waves on a string.
横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直的波。例如光波和绳子上的波。
Longitudinal wave: A wave in which the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Sound waves and seismic P-waves are longitudinal.
纵波：振动方向与能量传递方向平行的波。声波和地震 P 波是纵波。
7. Particle Model and Matter | 粒子模型与物质
States of matter: Solid, liquid and gas. In solids, particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and only vibrate. In liquids, particles are close but can move past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move randomly at high speeds.
物质状态：固态、液态和气态。固态中粒子紧密排列，构成规则结构，只能在固定位置振动。液态中粒子紧密但可以彼此滑动。气态中粒子相距很远，随机高速运动。
Density of materials: a lower density will float on a substance with a higher density. density = mass / volume.
材料密度：密度可解释为什么有些物体会浮起而有些会下沉。密度较低的物体会浮在密度较高的物质上。密度 = 质量 / 体积。
Internal energy: The total kinetic and potential energy of the particles inside a substance. Heating increases internal energy by making particles move faster or move apart.
内能：物质内部粒子动能和势能的总和。加热使粒子运动加快或间距增大，从而增加内能。
Specific heat capacity (c): by 1 °C. energy change = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change (ΔE = m c Δθ).
比热容 (c)：使 1 kg 物质的温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量。能量变化 = 质量 × 比热容 × 温度变化 (ΔE = m c Δθ)。
Change of state: A physical change where a substance changes from one state to another, such as melting, boiling, freezing or condensing. During a change of state, temperature stays constant while energy is transferred as latent heat.
物态变化：物质从一种状态变为另一种状态的物理变化，如熔化、沸腾、凝固或凝结。在物态变化过程中，温度保持不变，同时能量以潜热的形式传递。
8. Space Physics | 太空物理
Planet: A large celestial body that orbits a star. Planets do not emit their own light; they reflect starlight. In our solar system, there are eight recognised planets, including Earth.
行星：围绕恒星运转的大型天体。行星本身不发光，只能反射恒星的光。太阳系中有八颗公认的行星，地球是其中之一。
Moon (natural satellite): A body that orbits a planet. The Moon orbits Earth and is responsible for ocean tides. Moons are held in orbit by gravitational attraction.
卫星（天然卫星）：围绕行星运转的天体。月球绕地球运行，是海洋潮汐的成因。卫星靠引力作用保持在轨道上。
Orbit: The curved path taken by a planet, moon or satellite around a more massive body. Orbits are usually elliptical. The speed of an orbiting body depends on the mass of the central body and the orbital radius.
轨道：行星、卫星等人造或天然天体围绕更大质量天体运行的弯曲路径。轨道通常是椭圆形的。绕行天体的速度取决于中心天体的质量和轨道半径。
Gravitational force: A force of attraction between any two masses. It keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and moons in orbit around planets. The force gets weaker as the distance increases.
引力：任何两个物体之间相互吸引的力。引力使行星绕太阳运转，使卫星绕行星运转。引力随着距离增大而减弱。
Solar system: The collection of eight planets, their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids and comets that orbit the Sun. It formed from a cloud of dust and gas about 4.6 billion years ago.
太阳系：由八颗行星及其卫星、矮行星、小行星和彗星组成，共同绕太阳运行的天体系统。它大约在 46 亿年前由一团尘埃和气体云形成。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图