📚 Year 9 CAIE Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 9 CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Building a solid psychology vocabulary is the first step towards thinking and writing like a psychologist. This guide breaks down the key terms Year 9 CAIE students need to know, pairing each concept with a simple memory hook so you can recall definitions quickly under exam pressure.
建立扎实的心理学词汇库是像心理学家一样思考和写作的第一步。本指南拆解了 Year 9 CAIE 学生需要掌握的关键术语，为每个概念搭配简单的记忆挂钩，帮助你在考试压力下迅速回忆起定义。
1. Core Experimental Concepts | 核心实验概念
An experiment is a controlled procedure in which a researcher manipulates one factor to discover its effect on another. All other conditions are kept as identical as possible.
实验是一种受控程序，研究者操纵一个因素以发现它对另一个因素的影响，并尽可能保持所有其他条件相同。
The independent variable (IV) is the factor the experimenter deliberately changes or manipulates. A quick reminder: 'I' manipulate the 'IV'.
自变量 (IV) 是实验者有意改变或操纵的因素。快速提醒："我 (I)" 操纵 "IV"。
The dependent variable (DV) is the factor that is measured to see whether the IV has had an effect. It 'depends' on the IV.
因变量 (DV) 是被测量的因素，用来观察 IV 是否产生了影响。它"依赖 (depends)" 于 IV。
Control variables are all the factors kept constant so they do not interfere with the link between the IV and DV. Think of them as 'unchanging ingredients' in a recipe.
控制变量是所有保持不变的因素，以免它们干扰 IV 与 DV 之间的联系。可以把它想象成菜谱中"不变的配料"。
A confounding variable is an uncontrolled factor that might accidentally change alongside the IV, making the results unclear. Remember: 'confound' means 'confuse'.
混淆变量是一个未受控制、可能随 IV 无意中改变的因素，导致结果模糊不清。记住："confound" 就是"混淆"。
The experimental group receives the IV (e.g. a new teaching method), while the control group does not receive the IV and serves as a baseline for comparison.
实验组接受 IV（如一种新教学法），而控制组不接受 IV，作为比较的基线。
2. Hypotheses and Operationalisation | 假设与操作化
A hypothesis is a precise, testable prediction about the expected outcome of a study. It must be stated before data collection begins.
假设是对研究预期结果的精确、可检验的预测，必须在收集数据之前陈述。
The null hypothesis (H₀) states there is no effect or no difference between conditions. The alternative (or experimental) hypothesis (H₁) states there is an effect or difference.
零假设 (H₀) 声称条件之间没有影响或没有差异。备择假设（实验假设，H₁）则声称存在影响或差异。
A one‑tailed hypothesis predicts the direction of the effect (e.g. 'Group A will score higher than Group B'). A two‑tailed hypothesis simply predicts there will be a difference, without saying which way.
单侧假设预测效果的方向（例如"A 组得分将高于 B 组"）。双侧假设只预测会有差异，而不说明方向。
Operationalisation means defining exactly how each variable will be measured or manipulated in the study. For instance, 'memory' could be operationalised as 'the number of words recalled from a list of 20'.
操作化是指明确界定研究中每个变量将如何被测量或操纵。例如，"记忆力"可以被操作化为"从 20 个单词列表中回忆出的单词数量"。
3. Sampling Techniques | 抽样技术
A population is the entire group of people the researcher is interested in studying. A sample is a smaller subgroup drawn from that population to take part in the research.
总体是研究者有兴趣研究的整个群体。样本是从该总体中抽取出来参与研究的一个较小亚群。
In random sampling every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen. This reduces bias but is often hard to achieve fully.
在随机抽样中，总体中的每个成员都有均等的机会被选中。这减少了偏差，但往往难以完全实现。
Stratified sampling divides the population into relevant subgroups (e.g. age or gender) and then randomly selects participants from each subgroup in proportion to their occurrence in the population. It increases representativeness.
分层抽样先将总体划分为相关子群（如年龄或性别），然后按各子群在总体中的比例随机抽取参与者。这提高了样本的代表性。
Opportunity sampling uses people who are readily available, like classmates in the corridor. It is quick but likely to produce a biased sample.
机会抽样使用容易接触到的人，比如走廊里的同学。它速度快，但很可能产生有偏差的样本。
Volunteer sampling (or self‑selected sampling) relies on individuals who respond to an advert or request. This also carries a risk of bias because volunteers may differ from the general population.
志愿者抽样（或称自选抽样）依赖回应广告或请求的个体。这也有偏差风险，因为志愿者可能与普通人群不同。
4. Reliability and Validity | 信度与效度
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. If you weigh yourself three times in five minutes and get the same reading, the scales are reliable.
信度指的是测量的一致性。如果你在五分钟内称体重三次都得到相同读数，这把秤就是可信的。
Internal reliability is about whether a test is consistent within itself – for example, all questions on the same topic should give similar response patterns.
内部信度关乎一个测试自身内部是否一致——例如，同一主题的所有问题应给出相似的回答模式。
External reliability checks whether the same test produces similar results when conducted again after a time gap (test‑retest reliability) or by different raters.
外部信度检验同一个测试在隔一段时间后重新进行（重测信度）或由不同评分者进行时，是否得出相似结果。
Validity asks whether the study or test truly measures what it claims to measure. A happiness scale must tap happiness, not just social desirability.
效度询问研究或测试是否真正测量了它所声称要测量的事物。一份幸福量表必须测量幸福，而不仅仅是社会赞许性。
Internal validity focuses on whether the results are truly caused by the IV, not by confounding variables. External validity is about whether findings generalise to other people and settings.
内部效度关注结果是否真正由 IV 引起，而非混淆变量。外部效度则关乎研究结果能否推广到其他人群和情境。
Ecological validity is a type of external validity: does the task feel like a real‑life situation? An artificial lab memory test may have low ecological validity.
生态效度是外部效度的一种：研究任务的感觉是否像真实生活情境？一个人为的实验室记忆测试可能生态效度较低。
5. Ethical Considerations | 伦理考量
Informed consent means participants must know enough about the study to make a voluntary decision about taking part. For under‑16s, parental consent is usually needed.
知情同意意味着参与者必须对研究有足够了解，以便自愿决定是否参加。未满 16 岁通常需要父母同意。
Deception involves deliberately misleading participants about the true aim of a study. It should only be used when essential and must be justified.
欺骗涉及故意在研究真正目的上误导参与者。只有在必不可少且有理由时才能使用。
Debriefing takes place after the study: the researcher explains the full purpose and checks for any harm or misunderstandings.
事后说明在研究结束后进行：研究者解释完整目的，并检查是否存在任何伤害或误解。
The right to withdraw allows participants to leave the study at any time without penalty, and their data can be removed on request.
退出权允许参与者随时无惩罚地离开研究，并且他们可以要求删除其数据。
Confidentiality means personal data must not be identifiable in the final report; participants are usually given numbers or pseudonyms.
保密意味着在最终报告中个人数据不得可识别；通常用编号或化名代替参与者姓名。
Protection from harm: participants should not experience physical or psychological distress greater than what they would encounter in everyday life.
免受伤害：参与者不应承受超出日常生活可能遇到的身心痛苦。
6. Psychological Approaches | 心理学流派
The biological approach explains behaviour through bodily processes: genes, brain structures, neurotransmitters and hormones. It views behaviour as having a physical cause.
生物心理学流派通过身体过程解释行为：基因、脑结构、神经递质和激素。它将行为视为有生理原因的。
The behavioural approach focuses on observable behaviour learned through conditioning. Two key forms are classical conditioning (learning by association, like Pavlov's dogs) and operant conditioning (learning through consequences, like rewards and punishments).
行为主义流派关注通过条件作用习得的可观察行为。两种关键形式是经典条件作用（通过联想学习，如巴甫洛夫的狗）和操作性条件作用（通过后果学习，如奖励和惩罚）。
The cognitive approach studies internal mental processes such as perception, memory, thinking and problem‑solving, often comparing the mind to a computer.
认知流派研究内部心理过程，如知觉、记忆、思考和问题解决，常把心智比作计算机。
The psychodynamic approach (originating with Freud) emphasises unconscious drives, childhood experiences and the structure of personality (id, ego, superego).
心理动力学流派（源于弗洛伊德）强调无意识驱力、童年经历以及人格结构（本我、自我、超我）。
The humanistic approach focuses on free will, self‑actualisation and the importance of empathy and unconditional positive regard. It views every person as essentially good.
人本主义流派关注自由意志、自我实现以及共情与无条件积极关注的重要性。它认为每个人本质上是善良的。
7. Memory Key Terms | 记忆关键术语
Encoding is the process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. You might encode the sound (acoustic), the look (visual) or the meaning (semantic) of information.
编码是将感官输入转化为可存储于记忆中的形式的过程。你可以将信息以声音（听觉）、外形（视觉）或意义（语义）进行编码。
Storage refers to keeping encoded information within the memory system over time. Retrieval is the process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.
存储是指将编码后的信息在记忆系统中保留一段时间。提取是指访问并让存储的信息重新回到意识中的过程。
Short‑ M) holds a limited amount of information for a short period (around 7±2 items for about 15–30 seconds) unless it is rehearsed.
短时记忆 (STM) 在短时间内（约 15–30 秒）保存有限数量的信息（约 7±2 个项目），除非进行复述。
Long‑term memory (LTM) is a relatively permanent store with a huge capacity. Information can last a lifetime if it is well encoded and retrieved.
长时记忆 (LTM) 是一个相对永久的存储库，容量巨大。如果编码和提取良好，信息可以保持一生。
Capacity refers to how much information a memory store can hold; duration is how long it can be held. STM has a small capacity and brief duration, whereas LTM has a vast capacity and potentially unlimited duration.
容量是指一个记忆存储能容纳多少信息；持续时间是指能保持多久。STM 容量小且持续时间短，而 LTM 容量大且潜在地具有无限持续时间。
8. Social Influence Terms | 社会影响术语
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group, even without direct pressure. It is sometimes called 'majority influence'.
从众是为了融入群体而改变行为或信念，即使没有直接压力。它有时被称为"多数人影响"。
Compliance occurs when an individual follows a request from another person, often because of perceived social power, but does not change their private opinion.
顺从发生在个体遵从他人的请求时，通常是因为感受到社会权力，但并不会改变个人观点。
Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure. The Milgram studies famously showed how ordinary people could obey instructions to harm others.
服从是遵从权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆研究著名地展示了普通人如何会服从伤害他人的指令。
Group pressure can be explicit (others tell you to change) or implicit (you simply feel different). It can lead to normative social influence – conforming to be liked – or informational social influence – conforming because you believe the group knows better.
群体压力可以是显性的（他人直接告诉你改变）或隐性的（你只是感觉不同）。它可导致规范社会影响——为被喜欢而从众，或信息社会影响——因为相信群体更了解情况而从众。
9. Research Methods Beyond Experiments | 实验之外的研究方法
An observation involves watching and recording behaviour in a natural or controlled setting without manipulating variables. It can be participant (researcher joins in) or non‑participant.
观察法涉及在自然或受控环境中观察和记录行为，而不操纵变量。它可以是参与式（研究者加入其中）或非参与式。
A questionnaire is a set of written questions used to collect self‑report data. Closed questions give numerical data; open questions give rich qualitative detail.
问卷是一套用于收集自我报告数据的书面问题。封闭式问题提供数值数据；开放式问题提供丰富的质性细节。
An interview is a face‑to‑face or remote conversation that can be structured (fixed questions), unstructured (flexible) or semi‑structured. Greater depth comes at the cost of being harder to analyse.
访谈是一种面对面或远程的交谈，可以是结构化（固定问题）、非结构化（灵活）或半结构化。深度越大，分析难度也越大。
A case study is an in‑depth investigation of a single individual, group or event. It provides extensive qualitative insight but is difficult to generalise from.
个案研究是对单个个体、群体或事件进行深入调查。它能提供丰富的质性洞察，但难以推广。
A correlation measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two co‑variables. A positive correlation means as one rises, the other tends to rise; a negative correlation means as one rises, the other tends to fall. Zero correlation means no pattern.
相关法衡量两个共变量之间关系的强度和方向。正相关意味着一个上升另一个也往往上升；负相关意味着一个上升另一个往往下降。零相关意味着没有规律。
A key reminder: correlation does not imply causation. Just because two things are linked does not prove one causes the other.
关键提醒：相关不意味着因果关系。仅仅两件事有关联并不能证明一件导致了另一件。
10. Descriptive Statistics | 描述统计
The mean is the arithmetic average, calculated by summing all scores and dividing by the number of scores. It is sensitive to extreme values (outliers).
平均数是算术均值，通过所有分数之和除以分数个数计算。它对极端值（异常值）敏感。
The median is the middle value when all scores are arranged in order. It is less affected by outliers, making it useful for skewed data.
中位数是所有分数按顺序排列后的中间值。它受异常值影响较小，适合偏态数据。
The mode is the most frequently occurring score in a data set. A data set can have more than one mode.
众数是数据集中出现频率最高的分数。一个数据集可以有多个众数。
The range is a simple measure of spread: highest score minus lowest score. It gives a quick sense of variability but ignores the distribution shape.
极差是衡量离散度的简单指标：最高分减最低分。它能快速反映变异性，但忽略了分布形态。
Standard deviation tells you how spread out scores are around the mean. A small standard deviation means scores cluster tightly; a large one means they are widely scattered.
标准差告诉你分数围绕平均数的分散程度。标准差小意味着分数紧密聚集；标准差大意味着分数分布广泛。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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