📚 Year 9 CAIE Business Studies: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 CAIE 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in business vocabulary is the key to success in Year 9 CAIE Business Studies. This guide presents essential terms with clear definitions and helpful memory tips, arranged in bilingual pairs to support learners who study in English yet benefit from Chinese explanations.
掌握商务词汇是 Year 9 CAIE 商务研究成功的关键。本指南为你整理核心术语，提供清晰定义和助记窍门，采用中英双语配对排列，帮助在英语环境中学习的同时借助中文加深理解。
Each section below follows the same pattern: an English definition first, then a matching Chinese explanation. Read both, say the term aloud, and test yourself with the mini tasks at the end.
以下每一节都遵循相同模式：先给出英文定义，再给出对应的中文解释。请两者都读，把术语大声念出来，并用文末的小任务自测。
1. Why Vocabulary Matters in Year 9 CAIE Business | 为什么词汇在 Year 9 CAIE 商务中至关重要
In CAIE Business Studies, marks are awarded for precise use of terminology. If you write 'money coming in' instead of 'revenue', or 'the thing a business owns' instead of 'asset', you may lose knowledge and application marks even when your idea is correct.
在 CAIE 商务考试中，术语使用是否精准直接影响得分。如果你把 'revenue' 写成 'money coming in'，或把 'asset' 写成 'the thing a business owns'，即使想法正确，也可能丢掉知识与理解分。
Command words are the verbs in the question that tell you the depth of answer required. Common command words in Year 9 include state, identify, describe, explain, calculate, analyse and evaluate.
指令词是题干中的动词，告诉你答案需要写到什么深度。Year 9 常见指令词包括 state（陈述）、identify（识别）、describe（描述）、explain（解释）、calculate（计算）、analyse（分析）和 evaluate（评价）。
| Command word | 中文 | What to do | 答题要求 |
|---|---|---|---|
| State / Identify | 陈述 / 识别 | Give a short answer, often one word or one sentence. | 给出简短答案，通常一个词或一句话。 |
| Describe | 描述 | Say what something is like, with key features. | 说明某事物是什么样的，写出关键特征。 |
| Explain | 解释 | Give reasons, using because or this means that. | 给出原因，使用 because 或 this means that 连接。 |
| Calculate | 计算 | Use numbers and show your working. | 使用数字并写出计算过程。 |
| Analyse | 分析 | Break an idea into parts and show links. | 把观点拆成部分并说明联系。 |
| Evaluate | 评价 | Weigh both sides and give a supported judgement. | 权衡正反两面并给出有依据的判断。 |
A glossary is your personal dictionary of key terms. Write the term, a short definition, a Chinese meaning and one real example, for example 'revenue - money from sales - 收入 - a cafe selling 100 coffees at £3 earns £300 revenue'.
术语表就是你的个人关键词词典。写上术语、简短定义、中文含义和一个真实例子，例如 'revenue - money from sales - 收入 - 咖啡馆卖出 100 杯 3 英镑的咖啡，收入为 300 英镑'。
2. Core Concepts: Business, Enterprise and Profit Motive | 核心概念：企业、创业与盈利动机
Business – any organisation that combines resources to produce goods or provide services, aiming to satisfy customer needs and wants, usually with the goal of earning profit.
企业 – 任何组合资源以生产商品或提供服务的组织，旨在满足顾客需求与欲望，通常以赚取利润为目标。
Enterprise – another term for a business venture; also refers to the ability to take initiative, combine factors of production and accept risks.
创业 / 企业 – 既可指商业冒险活动本身，也指主动发起、组合生产要素并承担风险的能力。
Profit motive – the drive to earn a financial surplus that encourages entrepreneurs to take risks, innovate and improve efficiency.
盈利动机 – 追求财务盈余的动力，激励企业家承担风险、进行创新并提高效率。
Entrepreneur – a person who organises, operates and takes risks for a new business venture. The entrepreneur provides ideas, capital and management, and receives profit or bears loss.
企业家 / 创业者 – 组织、经营新商业项目并承担风险的人。企业家提供创意、资本和管理，获得利润或承担亏损。
Risk – the possibility that a business decision may lead to loss or failure. Risk is different from uncertainty: risk can be estimated, while uncertainty is harder to measure.
风险 – 商业决策可能导致亏损或失败的可能性。风险不同于不确定性：风险可以估算，不确定性更难衡量。
Reward – the benefit an entrepreneur receives for taking a risk, usually profit, independence or personal satisfaction.
回报 – 企业家承担风险后获得的收益，通常是利润、独立性或个人成就感。
3. Non-Profit Organisations and Social Enterprise | 非营利组织与社会企业
Non-profit organisation – an organisation that operates for social, educational or charitable purposes rather than to generate profit for owners. Surplus funds are reinvested into the mission.
非营利组织 – 以社会、教育或慈善为目的而非为所有者营利而运营的组织。盈余资金重新投入其使命。
Social enterprise – a business that trades to earn income but uses most of its surplus to achieve a social or environmental goal. It combines business methods with a social mission.
社会企业 – 通过交易获得收入，但将大部分盈余用于实现社会或环境目标的商业组织。它把商业方法与社会使命结合起来。
Surplus – the money left after a non-profit organisation pays all its costs. In a non-profit, surplus is not distributed to owners but kept for future activities.
盈余 – 非营利组织支付所有成本后剩余的资金。在非营利组织中，盈余不分配给所有者，而是留作未来活动使用。
Mission – the overall purpose or reason why an organisation exists. A charity may have a mission to reduce homelessness, while a social enterprise may aim to cut plastic waste.
使命 – 一个组织存在的总体目的或理由。慈善机构可能以减少无家可归者为使命，社会企业可能以减少塑料垃圾为目标。
Charity – a non-profit organisation that raises funds from donations, grants and fundraising, and often relies on volunteers.
慈善机构 – 通过捐款、拨款和筹款获得资金，并通常依赖志愿者的非营利组织。
Stakeholder – any person or group affected by, or with an interest in, the activities of a business. In a non-profit, beneficiaries and donors are important stakeholders.
利益相关者 – 受企业活动影响或对企业活动有利益的任何个人或群体。在非营利组织中，受益人和捐赠者是重要利益相关者。
4. Needs, Wants and the Economic Problem | 需求、欲望与经济问题
Need – something essential for survival or basic living, such as food, water, shelter, clothing and healthcare.
需要 – 生存或基本生活所必需的东西，如食物、水、住所、衣服和医疗。
Want – something that is desired but not essential for survival, such as a new smartphone, branded trainers or a holiday.
欲望 – 渴望但并非生存必需的东西，如新智能手机、品牌运动鞋或度假。
Scarcity – the basic economic problem that unlimited wants exceed limited resources. Scarcity forces individuals, businesses and governments to make choices.
稀缺性 – 基本经济问题，即无限欲望超过有限资源。稀缺性迫使个人、企业和政府做出选择。
Opportunity cost – the value of the next best alternative that is given up when a choice is made. The cost is not always money; it can also be time or satisfaction.
机会成本 – 做出选择时所放弃的次优替代方案的价值。成本不一定是金钱，也可以是时间或满足感。
Opportunity cost = value of next best alternative forgone
机会成本 = 所放弃的次优替代方案的价值
Economic problem – the problem of allocating scarce resources among competing wants. The three basic questions are what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce.
经济问题 – 在相互竞争的欲望之间分配稀缺资源的问题。三个基本问题是：生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产。
Memory tip: use the acronym 'NEWS' for Needs, Economics, Wants and Scarcity. Say it in a sentence: 'News about scarcity helps me remember need, want and choice.'
记忆窍门：用 'NEWS' 记住 Needs、Economics、Wants、Scarcity。把它放进句子里：'News about scarcity helps me remember need, want and choice.'（关于稀缺性的新闻帮我记住需要、欲望和选择。）
5. Factors of Production and Added Value | 生产要素与附加值
Factors of production – the resources used to produce goods and services. They are land, labour, capital and enterprise.
生产要素 – 用于生产商品和服务的资源，包括土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能。
Land – all natural resources, including soil, water, minerals, forests and the sea. The reward for land is rent.
土地 – 所有自然资源，包括土壤、水、矿物、森林和海洋。土地的回报是租金。
Labour – the human effort, both physical and mental, used in production. The reward for labour is wages or salaries.
劳动力 – 生产中使用的体力和脑力劳动。劳动力的回报是工资或薪金。
Capital – man-made resources used to produce other goods and services, such as machines, tools, buildings and vehicles. The reward for capital is interest.
资本 – 用于生产其他商品和服务的人造资源，如机器、工具、建筑和车辆。资本的回报是利息。
Enterprise – the factor that organises the other three factors and takes risks. The reward for enterprise is profit.
企业家才能 – 组织其他三要素并承担风险的要素。企业家才能的回报是利润。
Added value = Selling price − Cost of raw materials
附加值 = 销售价格 − 原材料成本
Added value – the difference between the selling price of a product and the cost of the raw materials and bought-in components used to make it. A business adds value through design, branding, service or quality.
附加值 – 产品销售价格与制造该产品所用原材料及外购部件成本之间的差额。企业通过设计、品牌、服务或品质来增加附加值。
Memory tip: remember 'LLCE' for Land, Labour, Capital and Enterprise, and link each factor to its reward: rent, wages, interest and profit.
记忆窍门：用 'LLCE' 记住土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能，并把每个要素与回报挂钩：租金、工资、利息和利润。
6. Sectors of Industry and Business Classification | 产业部门与企业分类
Primary sector – industries that extract raw materials from nature, such as farming, fishing, mining, forestry and oil extraction.
第一产业 – 从自然界提取原材料的行业，如农业、渔业、采矿、林业和石油开采。
Secondary sector – industries that manufacture or process raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods, such as car making, baking, textiles and construction.
第二产业 – 将原材料制造或加工成成品或半成品的行业，如汽车制造、烘焙、纺织和建筑。
Tertiary sector – industries that provide services to consumers and other businesses, such as retail, banking, transport, education, tourism and healthcare.
第三产业 – 为消费者和其他企业提供服务的行业，如零售、银行、运输、教育、旅游和医疗。
Chain of production – the sequence that links the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in producing and delivering a product. For example, coffee beans are grown, roasted, then sold in a cafe.
生产链 – 将第一、第二、第三产业连接起来，生产和交付产品的顺序。例如，咖啡豆先被种植，再被烘焙，最后在咖啡馆出售。
De-industrialisation – the decline in the relative importance of the secondary sector and the growth of the tertiary sector in an economy.
去工业化 – 经济中第二产业相对重要性下降、第三产业增长的现象。
Mixed economy – an economy where both the private sector and the public sector play a role in producing goods and providing services.
混合经济 – 私营部门和公共部门都在生产商品和提供服务中发挥作用的经济体。
7. Goods, Services and Customer Focus | 商品、服务与顾客导向
Goods – physical, tangible products that can be seen, touched and stored, such as books, phones and furniture.
商品 – 看得见、摸得着、可以储存的实物产品，如书籍、手机和家具。
Services – intangible products that are consumed at the point of sale, such as a haircut, a train journey or legal advice. Services cannot be stored.
服务 – 在销售时被消费的无形产品，如理发、火车旅程或法律咨询。服务无法储存。
Durable good – a good that lasts for a long time, usually more than three years, such as a washing machine or a bicycle.
耐用品 – 使用时间长、通常超过三年的商品，如洗衣机或自行车。
Non-durable good – a good that is used up quickly, such as food, soap or petrol.
非耐用品 – 很快被消耗掉的商品，如食物、肥皂或汽油。
Customer – the person or organisation that buys a product. The consumer is the person who actually uses it. A parent may be the customer and a child the consumer.
顾客 – 购买产品的个人或组织。消费者是实际使用产品的人。家长可能是顾客，孩子是消费者。
Customer needs – what customers require from a product, including value for money, quality, convenience, choice and good service.
顾客需求 – 顾客对产品的要求，包括物有所值、质量、便利、选择和良好服务。
Unique selling point (USP) – a feature that makes a product different from and better than competitors' products. It is the reason customers choose one business over another.
独特卖点（USP） – 使产品与竞争对手产品不同且更优的特征。它是顾客选择某企业而非其他企业的原因。
Customer satisfaction – how happy customers are with a product or service. High satisfaction can lead to repeat purchases and positive word-of-mouth.
顾客满意度 – 顾客对产品或服务的满意程度。高满意度可以带来重复购买和正面口碑。
8. Stakeholders and Business Objectives | 利益相关者与企业目标
Stakeholder – any individual or group that affects, or is affected by, the decisions and activities of a business.
利益相关者 – 影响企业决策与活动，或受其影响的任何个人或群体。
Shareholder – an owner of a company who owns shares. Shareholders usually want the business to grow and pay dividends.
股东 – 拥有公司股份的所有者。股东通常希望企业增长并支付股息。
Employees – the people who work for the business. They are stakeholders who want fair pay, job security, safe conditions and training.
员工 – 为企业工作的人。作为利益相关者，他们希望获得公平薪酬、工作保障、安全条件和培训。
Customers – the buyers of the product. They want good quality, low prices and reliable service.
顾客 – 产品的购买者。他们希望质量好、价格低、服务可靠。
Suppliers – businesses that provide raw materials, components or services to another business. They want regular orders and prompt payment.
供应商 – 向另一家企业提供原材料、部件或服务的企业。他们希望
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