📚 Year 9 WJEC Drama: Quick Guide to Key Terminology | WJEC 九年级戏剧：关键词汇速记指南
Drama is a practical art form that relies on a shared vocabulary. Whether you are analysing a script, devising a performance, or writing about a production, knowing the correct terms helps you express your ideas clearly. This guide introduces the essential terminology you need for Year 9 WJEC Drama, with each term explained in both English and Chinese to support your learning and revision.
戏剧是一门依赖共同词汇的实践艺术。无论你是在分析剧本、设计表演，还是撰写制作评论，掌握正确的术语都能帮助你清晰地表达想法。本指南介绍了 WJEC 九年级戏剧所需的基础术语，每个术语均配有中英双语解释，以辅助你的学习和复习。
1. Stage Directions | 舞台指示
Stage directions describe the actors’ positions and movements on stage. They are always given from the performer’s perspective facing the audience. Understanding these directions is essential for blocking scenes accurately.
舞台指示描述了演员在舞台上的位置和移动方向，始终以演员面向观众时的视角为准。理解这些方向对于准确编排场景走位至关重要。
Upstage (US) is the area furthest from the audience, while downstage (DS) is the area closest to the audience. Stage left (SL) is the actor’s left when facing the audience; stage right (SR) is the actor’s right. Centre stage (CS) is the middle of the performance space.
“后台”（Upstage）指离观众最远的区域，“前台”（Downstage）指离观众最近的区域。舞台左侧（Stage Left）是演员面对观众时自己的左边；舞台右侧（Stage Right）则为自己的右边。舞台中央（Centre Stage）是表演空间的中心。
2. Vocal Skills | 声音技巧
An actor’s voice is a powerful tool for conveying character, emotion and meaning. Key vocal skills include pitch, pace, pause, volume, tone and projection.
演员的声音是传达角色、情感和意义的强大工具。关键的声音技巧包括音高、语速、停顿、音量、语气和声音投射。
Pitch refers to how high or low the voice sounds. A high pitch can suggest excitement or youth, while a low pitch may indicate authority or sadness. Pace is the speed at which lines are delivered – a fast pace could reveal nerves or urgency, whereas a slow pace might show calmness or thoughtfulness. Pause is a deliberate break in speech, used to build tension or highlight a particular word or idea.
音高指声音听起来的高低。高音可能暗示兴奋或年轻，低音则可能显示权威或悲伤。语速是台词传递的速度——快语速可能暴露紧张或紧迫，慢语速则可能表现冷静或深思。停顿是言语中有意的中断，用于营造紧张感或突出某个词语与想法。
Volume is the loudness or softness of the voice, which can express intensity, secrecy or anger. Tone is the emotional quality of the voice – sarcastic, warm, cold, threatening. Projection is the ability to fill the performance space with sound without shouting, making sure every audience member can hear clearly.
音量是声音的强弱，可以表达强烈、秘密或愤怒的情绪。语气是声音的情感色彩——讽刺、温暖、冷漠、威胁。声音投射是指在不必喊叫的情况下让声音充满整个演出空间，确保每位观众都能清晰听见。
3. Physical Skills | 肢体技巧
Physical skills involve the use of the body to communicate character and narrative. They include gesture, posture, facial expression, body language, gait and spatial awareness.
肢体技巧指运用身体来传达角色和故事，包括手势、姿势、面部表情、身体语言、步态和空间意识。
Gesture is a movement of the hand, arm or head to emphasise meaning or emotion. A clenched fist can signal anger, while an open palm may suggest honesty. Posture is the way a character holds their body – a straight, upright posture suggests confidence, whereas a slumped posture indicates low status or defeat.
手势是手、臂或头部的动作，用以强调意义或情感。握紧的拳头可以表示愤怒，而摊开的手掌可能暗示诚实。姿势是角色身体保持的方式——挺拔的姿势暗示自信，而耷拉的姿势则表明地位低下或受挫。
Facial expression shows the character’s inner feelings: a furrowed brow can show worry, a smile can show joy. Body language is the overall physical attitude, such as crossed arms for defensiveness. Gait means the character’s walk – a fast, bouncy stride projects energy, while a slow, dragging walk might reflect tiredness or age. Spatial awareness refers to how an actor moves in relation to others and the set, avoiding collisions and creating meaningful stage pictures.
面部表情展示角色的内心感受：紧锁的眉头表现担忧，微笑表现喜悦。身体语言是整体的身体姿态，例如交叉双臂代表防御。步态指角色的走路方式——快速有弹性的步伐体现活力，缓慢拖沓的步子可能反映疲惫或年迈。空间意识指演员如何相对于他人和布景移动，避免碰撞并创造出有意义的舞台画面。
4. Characterisation | 角色塑造
Characterisation is the process of creating a believable character. It involves making choices about motivation, objective, subtext and status.
角色塑造是创造可信角色的过程，涉及对动机、目标、潜台词和角色身份的抉择。
Motivation is the reason behind a character’s actions – why they do what they do. It drives the story forward. Objective is what a character wants in a particular scene or throughout the play. A strong objective helps the actor pursue clear goals during a performance.
动机是角色行为背后的理由——他们为何要这么做。它推动故事发展。目标是角色在特定场景或整个剧中所想要的东西。明确的目标能帮助演员在表演中追求清晰的行动方向。
Subtext is the hidden meaning beneath the spoken words. A character may say ‘I’m fine’ but the subtext might reveal sorrow or anger through tone and body language. Status is the relative power a character holds in a scene. High-status characters may speak in a commanding tone and take up space, while low-status ones might avoid eye contact or use smaller gestures.
潜台词是话语背后的隐藏含义。角色可能说“我很好”，但潜台词可能通过语气和身体语言透露出悲伤或愤怒。角色身份是角色在场景中相对的权力地位。高身份的角色可能会用指令性语气说话并占据空间，低身份角色则可能避免眼神接触或使用较小的手势。
5. Dramatic Structure | 戏剧结构
Most plays follow a narrative structure that helps shape the audience’s experience. The key terms include exposition, inciting incident, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution.
大多数剧本都遵循一种叙事结构，帮助塑造观众的体验。关键术语包括说明、激励事件、上升行动、高潮、下降行动和结局。
Exposition introduces the characters, setting and background information. It sets the scene at the start of the play. The inciting incident is the event that kicks off the main conflict and disturbs the initial situation. Rising action builds tension through a series of obstacles and complications, leading towards the climax.
说明部分介绍角色、背景和背景信息，为全剧开幕奠定场景基调。激励事件是引发主要冲突、打破初始平衡的事件。上升行动通过一系列障碍和纠葛积累紧张感，逐步引向高潮。
The climax is the point of highest tension and the turning point for the main character. After the climax, falling action shows the consequences and begins to resolve the conflict. Resolution (or dénouement) ties up loose ends and provides a sense of closure, although some plays deliberately leave questions unanswered.
高潮是戏剧紧张度的最高点，也是主角的转折点。高潮之后，下降行动展示结果并开始消解冲突。结局（或收场）则会收束情节线索，带来结束感，尽管有些剧本会有意留下未解的问题。
6. Lighting and Sound | 灯光与音效
Lighting creates mood, focuses attention and indicates time and place. Sound design supports the atmosphere and can include music, effects and silence.
灯光能营造情绪、聚焦注意力并提示时间与地点。音效设计支持整体氛围，可包含音乐、音效和无声。
Common lighting terms: focus is the area lit on stage to direct the audience’s gaze; intensity is the brightness of light; wash is a broad, even coverage; gobo is a thin metal plate placed in front of a light to project patterns (e.g. leaves, windows); and fade is a gradual increase or decrease in light.
常见灯光术语：聚焦指舞台上被照亮以引导观众视线的区域；强度是光的亮度；铺光是宽阔均匀的照明；图案片是放置在灯前的薄金属片，用以投射花纹（例如树叶、窗户）；渐明或渐暗指灯光逐渐变亮或变暗。
Sound designers use diegetic sound (heard by both characters and audience, like a doorbell) and non-diegetic sound (heard only by the audience, like dramatic music). Other key terms include underscore (background music beneath dialogue) and sound cue (a pre-recorded sound effect triggered at a specific moment).
音效设计师会使用剧情内音效（角色和观众都可听见，例如门铃声）和剧情外音效（仅观众可听见，例如戏剧性配乐）。其他关键术语包括铺垫配乐（对话下的背景音乐）和音效提示（在特定时刻触发预录制的音效）。
7. Set, Props and Costume | 布景、道具与服装
The visual elements of a production help tell the story and define the world of the play. Set, props and costume decisions are all part of the design concept.
制作的视觉元素帮助讲述故事并界定戏剧的世界。布景、道具和服装的选择都是设计理念的一部分。
The set is the physical environment on stage, which may be realistic (a detailed living room) or abstract (a few blocks and levels). Key features include levels (platforms of different heights) and entrances/exits that actors use. Props (properties) are objects handled by actors, such as a book, a pistol or a teacup. Personal props are carried by an actor and linked to their character; set props like furniture are part of the stage setting.
布景是舞台上的物理环境，可以是写实的（一间细节丰富的客厅）或抽象的（几块积木和不同高度的平台）。关键特征包括高度层次（不同高度的平台）和演员使用的出入口。道具是演员手中拿取的物品，比如一本书、一把手枪或一只茶杯。个人道具由演员随身携带并与角色相关联；家具等布景道具则属于舞台陈设。
Costume reflects a character’s personality, status, age and period. Choices about colour, texture and fit can reveal much about a character. Accessories like hats, jewellery and masks further refine the visual style. A character changing costume can signal a shift in mood or time.
服装反映角色的个性、身份、年龄和时代。颜色、质感与合身度的选择能揭示角色的许多信息。帽子、首饰和面具等配饰进一步细化视觉风格。角色换装可以暗示情绪或时间的转变。
8. Rehearsal Process | 排练过程
Rehearsals are where the performance is built through exploration, collaboration and refinement. Understanding rehearsal vocabulary helps you participate effectively in practical work.
排练是通过探索、合作与反复打磨来构建表演的过程。理解排练词汇能帮助你有效地参与实践活动。
Blocking is the process of planning actors’ movements and positions on stage. A scripted scene is first blocked to ensure clear sightlines and meaningful spatial relationships. A read-through is when the cast sits and reads the entire script aloud for the first time, focusing on the text.
走位是规划演员在舞台上移动和位置的过程。剧本场景首先需要走位，以确保视线清晰和富有意义的空间关系。通读剧本是演员们首次围坐并大声朗读全部剧本，关注文本内容。
Off-book means the actor has memorised their lines and no longer needs the script. A run-through is a complete performance of the play or scene without stopping, used to check fluency and timing. Feedback from the director and peers is an essential part of the rehearsal loop, helping actors refine their choices.
脱稿指演员已背熟台词，不再需要剧本。连贯排练是不间断地完整表演一部戏或一个场景，用以检查流畅度和时间节奏。来自导演和同伴的反馈是排练循环的重要环节，帮助演员打磨他们的表演选择。
9. Performance Skills and Etiquette | 表演技巧与职业礼仪
Performing on stage demands both technical competence and professional conduct. Key concepts include sustaining, focus, ensemble, audience awareness and performance etiquette.
在舞台上表演既需要技术能力，也需要专业操守。关键概念包括角色保持、专注力、整体配合、观众意识和表演礼仪。
Sustaining a character means remaining in role throughout the performance, even when not speaking. Reacting to other characters with full commitment is part of this. Focus (or concentration) is the actor’s ability to stay fully engaged in the fictional world, blocking out distractions from the audience or offstage.
角色保持指的是在整场表演中始终留在角色里，即使不发言时也是如此。全力对其他角色做出反应是其中的一部分。专注力是演员全身心投入虚构世界的能力，排除观众或台下的干扰。
Ensemble work is the ability to perform as a cohesive group, supporting each other’s timing, rhythm and energy. Audience awareness means adjusting projection and movement to suit the space while maintaining the illusion. Performance etiquette includes respecting stage cues, arriving prepared, warming up properly, and supporting fellow cast members backstage without noise.
整体配合是以凝聚一致的群体进行表演的能力，相互支持彼此的节奏、韵律和能量。观众意识意味着调整声音投射与动作以适应场地，同时保持故事幻觉。表演礼仪包括尊重舞台提示、做好充分准备、适当热身、在后台安静支持同伴演员等。
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