📚 Year 9 WJEC Music: Quick Revision Guide to Keywords and Terminology | Year 9 WJEC 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
This guide is designed to help Year 9 students quickly learn, recall, and apply the essential musical keywords and terminology needed for the WJEC music curriculum. By grouping terms under key musical elements and providing memory hooks, you can approach listening and appraising tasks with confidence. Each section pairs English explanations with Chinese translations to support bilingual learners and deepen understanding.
本指南旨在帮助 Year 9 学生快速学习、回忆和应用 WJEC 音乐课程所需的基本音乐词汇和术语。通过将术语按音乐要素分组并提供记忆钩子，你可以自信地应对听辨和评价任务。每个部分均以中英文配对解释，支持双语学习者并加深理解。
1. Rhythm and Metre | 节奏与拍号
The time signature tells you how many beats are in each bar and what type of note counts as one beat. In 4/4 time, often called 'common time', there are four crotchet beats per bar. In 3/4, there are three crotchet beats, creating a waltz feel. Compound metres like 6/8 group beats into two main pulses, each splitting into three quavers.
拍号告诉你每小节有多少拍，以及哪类音符算作一拍。4/4 拍常被称为“普通拍子”，每小节有四个四分音符拍。3/4 拍每小节有三个四分音符拍，营造出华尔兹的感觉。复拍子如 6/8 拍将拍子分组为两个主要律动，每个律动分为三个八分音符。
Note values are the building blocks of rhythm: a semibreve (whole note) lasts four beats, a minim (half note) two beats, a crotchet (quarter note) one beat, a quaver (eighth note) half a beat, and a semiquaver (sixteenth note) a quarter of a beat. Dotted notes add half the original value: a dotted crotchet equals one and a half beats. Rests indicate silence and match the note values exactly.
音符时值是节奏的基石：全音符持续四拍，二分音符两拍，四分音符一拍，八分音符半拍，十六分音符四分之一拍。附点音符增加原有时值的一半：附点四分音符等于一拍半。休止符表示静默，时值与对应的音符完全一致。
Try using rhythmic mnemonics: for a crotchet-quaver-quaver pattern chant 'long–short–short' while walking. For syncopation, think of offbeat claps in pop songs — the accent falls between the main beats, creating a 'pushed' feel.
尝试使用节奏记忆法：对于四分音符-八分音符-八分音符的模式，一边走路一边念“长–短–短”。对于切分节奏，想想流行歌曲中的反拍击掌——重音落在主要拍点之间，营造出一种“推挤”的感觉。
2. Tempo | 速度
Tempo markings describe the speed of the music. Use a story sequence to remember them: Imagine you are waking up slowly — Largo (very slow and broad); you stretch gently — Adagio (slow, at ease); you stroll to school — Andante (walking pace); you hurry slightly — Moderato (moderate); you spot a friend and run cheerfully — Allegro (fast, cheerful); you become lively and excited — Vivace (lively); finally you dash for the bus — Presto (very fast).
速度标记描述音乐的快慢。用一个故事顺序来记住它们：想象你慢慢醒来——Largo（宽广的慢板）；轻轻伸懒腰——Adagio（从容的慢板）；漫步去上学——Andante（行板，步行速度）；加快一点脚步——Moderato（中板）；看见朋友开心地跑过去——Allegro（快板，愉快地）；你变得活泼兴奋——Vivace（活泼的快板）；最后冲刺赶公交——Presto（急板）。
Changes in tempo are just as important. Accelerando (accel.) means gradually getting faster, while ritardando (rit.) and rallentando (rall.) both indicate slowing down. A tempo tells you to return to the original speed after a change.
速度的变化同样重要。Accelerando（accel.）表示逐渐加快，而 ritardando（rit.）和 rallentando（rall.）都意味着逐渐减慢。A tempo 告诉你在变化后回到原速。
3. Dynamics | 力度
Dynamics range from very quiet to very loud. The Italian word piano means soft and forte means loud. Prefix 'mezzo-' gives medium: mp (mezzo-piano) is moderately quiet, mf (mezzo-forte) moderately loud. More letters mean more extreme: pp (pianissimo) very quiet, ff (fortissimo) very loud.
力度范围从很弱到很强。意大利词 piano 意为弱，forte 意为强。前缀“mezzo-”表示中等：mp（mezzo-piano）中弱，mf（mezzo-forte）中强。字母越多越极端：pp（pianissimo）很弱，ff（fortissimo）很强。
Gradual changes are shown with symbols: a hairpin opening to the right (crescendo) means gradually louder, and closing to the right (diminuendo or decrescendo) means gradually softer. An sforzando (sfz) is a sudden, strong accent on a single note. Imagine a friend suddenly shouting 'Boo!' — that's sforzando.
逐渐的变化用符号表示：向右开口的渐强记号（crescendo）表示越来越强，向右闭合的渐弱记号（diminuendo 或 decrescendo）表示越来越弱。sforzando（sfz）是单个音上突然的重音。想象朋友突然大叫一声“嘣！”——那就是 sforzando。
4. Pitch and Melody | 音高与旋律
Pitch is how high or low a note sounds. Melody is a sequence of pitches forming a recognisable tune. On the stave, ledger lines extend the range above and below. The treble clef generally indicates higher notes, while the bass clef covers lower notes. Sharps (♯) raise a note by a semitone, flats (♭) lower it, and naturals (♮) cancel a sharp or flat.
音高是指一个音听上去的高低。旋律是一系列音高组成的可辨识的曲调。在五线谱上，加线用来扩展上方和下方的音域。高音谱号通常指示较高的音，低音谱号则涵盖较低的音。升号（♯）将音升高一个半音，降号（♭）降低一个半音，还原号（♮）取消升号或降号。
Scales organise pitches. A major scale sounds bright and happy; a harmonic minor scale features a raised 7th degree creating an exotic step, while the melodic minor scale has raised 6th and 7th degrees ascending. To recall melodic contours, describe movement as steps (conjunct) or leaps (disjunct).
音阶将音高组织起来。大调音阶听上去明亮欢快；和声小调的特点是升高的第Ⅶ级音，制造出异域风情的音程，而旋律小调上行时升高第Ⅵ、Ⅶ级。要记住旋律轮廓，可将进行描述为级进（conjunct）或跳进（disjunct）。
Common ornaments add decoration: a trill is rapid alternation between two adjacent notes; a turn twiddles around a main note; an acciaccatura is a crushed, quickly played note; an appoggiatura leans heavily on the next note. Visualise a trill as a vibrating phone — quick shakes.
常见的装饰音增添润色：trill（颤音）是在两个相邻音之间快速交替；turn（回音）围绕主音回转；acciaccatura（短倚音）是快速奏出的挤碎音符；appoggiatura（长倚音）重量般地倚靠到下一音。可将颤音想象成手机震动——快速的抖动。
5. Articulation | 演奏法
Articulation tells performers how to attack and separate notes. Staccato (indicated by a dot above or below the note) means short and detached. Legato (a slur line) means smoothly connected. Accent (>) demands a stronger attack; tenuto (–) means hold the note for its full value with slight weight. Marcato (^) is even heavier and more separated.
演奏法告诉表演者如何起奏和分离音符。Staccato（断奏，在音符上方或下方的圆点）表示短促而分离。Legato（连奏，用连线标记）表示平滑连接。Accent（重音记号 >）要求更强的起奏；tenuto（保持音记号 –）意味着保持音符的完整时值并稍加重量。Marcato（特重音记号 ^）甚至更重且更分离。
To remember staccato, think 'hot potato' — you bounce off it quickly. Legato is like spreading butter smoothly on toast. Phrase marks are long slurs showing a musical sentence; breathe at the end of a phrase just as you would when speaking.
要记住 staccato，可以想“烫手的山药”——你迅速弹开。Legato 则像在吐司上均匀涂抹黄油。乐句线是较长的连线，表示一个音乐句子；在乐句结束时呼吸，就像说话时要换气一样。
6. Texture | 织体
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they interact. Monophonic texture is a single, unaccompanied melody — think of one person singing alone. Homophonic texture has a main melody supported by chords, common in hymns and pop songs. Polyphonic texture weaves two or more independent melodies together, like in a fugue or a round. Heterophonic texture is rare; it happens when two performers play the same melody but one adds slight variations.
织体描述同时听到多少个声音层次以及它们如何互动。Monophonic（单声部）织体是单一无伴奏的旋律——想象一个人独唱。Homophonic（主调）织体有一条主旋律并由和弦支撑，常见于赞美诗和流行歌曲。Polyphonic（复调）织体将两条或更多独立旋律交织在一起，如赋格或多轮唱。Heterophonic（支声）织体较少见，它发生在两个演奏者演奏同一旋律但其中一个稍加变化时。
Memorise the prefixes: 'mono-' means one, 'homo-' means same (all parts move together), 'poly-' means many, 'hetero-' means different. Melody and accompaniment is a specific type of homophonic texture where the melody clearly dominates.
记前缀：“mono-”是一，“homo-”是同（所有声部同步），“poly-”是多，“hetero-”是异。旋律加伴奏是主调织体的一种特殊类型，旋律明显占主导地位。
7. Structure and Form | 结构与曲式
The structure of a piece is its overall plan. Binary form (AB) has two contrasting sections, often repeated. Ternary form (ABA) returns to the opening section after a contrasting middle. Rondo form (ABACA) keeps bringing back a main 'A' theme like a recurring chorus. Theme and variations presents a melody and then changes it in imaginative ways each time.
曲式是一首作品的整体布局。Binary form（二段体 AB）有两个对比乐段，常各自反复。Ternary form（三段体 ABA）在对比的中段之后回到开头的乐段。Rondo form（回旋曲 ABACA）不断返回主“A”主题，就像反复出现的副歌。Theme and variations（主题与变奏）先展现一条旋律，然后每次用富有想象力的方式改变它。
In popular and world music, you will meet structures such as strophic (same music for each verse), through-composed (no repeated sections), and the common pop layout: introduction, verse, chorus, bridge, outro. Use a 'musical map' diagram with coloured blocks to visualise form.
在流行和世界音乐中，你会遇到诸如strophic（分节歌，每段歌词用相同音乐）、through-composed（通谱体，无重复乐段）以及常见的流行歌曲结构：前奏、主歌、副歌、桥段、尾声。用彩色方块图绘制“音乐地图”来直观呈现曲式。
8. Timbre and Instruments | 音色与乐器
Timbre (pronounced 'tam-ber') is the unique tone colour that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another. The orchestra is grouped into four families: strings (violin, viola, cello, double bass), woodwind (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon), brass (trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba), and percussion (timpani, snare drum, cymbals).
音色（timbre，发音“探伯”）是区分不同乐器或人声的独特音质。管弦乐队分为四个家族：弦乐（小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴）、木管（长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管）、铜管（小号、圆号、长号、大号）和打击乐（定音鼓、小军鼓、镲）。
Playing techniques add variety. On strings, arco means with the bow, pizzicato means plucked, con sordino with a mute, and sul ponticello bowing near the bridge for a glassy sound. For brass, flutter-tonguing creates a buzzing effect. Vocal ranges from high to low: soprano, alto, tenor, bass.
演奏技巧丰富了变化。弦乐上，arco 是用弓拉奏，pizzicato 是拨奏，con sordino 加弱音器，sul ponticello 靠近琴马拉奏以获得玻璃般的音效。铜管的 flutter-tonguing（花舌）制造蜂鸣效果。声乐声部从高到低：女高音、女低音、男高音、男低音。
9. Harmony and Tonality | 和声与调性
Harmony is the vertical combination of notes to form chords. The most important chords are built on the tonic (I), dominant (V), and subdominant (IV) degrees of the scale. Music in a major key typically sounds bright, while a minor key often feels more serious or sad. Modulation is when the music changes key during a piece.
和声是音的纵向组合成和弦。最重要的和弦建立在音阶的主音（Ⅰ）、属音（Ⅴ）和下属音（Ⅳ）上。大调音乐通常听起来明亮，而小调往往更严肃或悲伤。Modulation（转调）是音乐在乐曲中改变调性。
Cadences are chord progressions that end phrases. The perfect cadence (V–I) sounds complete and final, like a full stop. The plagal cadence (IV–I) is the 'Amen' sound. The imperfect cadence (I–V or any chord to V) feels unfinished, like a comma. The interrupted cadence (V–vi) is a surprise — you expect I but get vi instead.
终止式是结束乐句的和弦进行。Perfect cadence（正格终止 V–Ⅰ）听上去完满结束，像句号。Plagal cadence（变格终止 Ⅳ–Ⅰ）是“阿们”的声音。Imperfect cadence（半终止，任何和弦到Ⅴ）感觉未完成，像逗号。Interrupted cadence（阻碍终止 V–ⅵ）是一个意外——你期待Ⅰ却得到了ⅵ。
10. Musical Styles and Periods | 音乐风格与时期
Recognising the stylistic features of different periods helps you place unfamiliar excerpts. Baroque music (c.1600–1750) features harpsichord, ornamented melodies, and polyphonic textures. Classical music (c.1750–1820) emphasises clear, balanced phrases and homophonic textures, often with Alberti bass. Romantic music (c.1820–1900) demands wide dynamic ranges, rubato, and emotional expression. 20th-century music explores dissonance, atonality, electronic sounds, and minimalism.
辨认不同时期的风格特征有助于你判断不熟悉的片段。巴洛克音乐（约1600–1750）以羽管键琴、装饰性旋律和复调织体为特色。古典主义音乐（约1750–1820）强调清晰平衡的乐句和主调织体，常伴阿尔贝蒂低音。浪漫主义音乐（约1820–1900）需要宽广的力度范围、弹性速度和情感表达。20世纪音乐探索不协和、无调性、电子声音和极简主义。
Popular styles also have keywords: the blues uses a 12-bar structure, flattened 3rd and 7th (blue notes), and call-and-response. Rock drives with backbeat rhythms, power chords, and electric guitars. Pop relies on catchy hooks, verse-chorus forms, and polished production.
流行风格也有关键词：布鲁斯使用12小节结构，降Ⅲ级和降Ⅶ级（蓝调音），以及呼应。摇滚以反拍节奏、强力和弦和电吉他推进。流行依赖上口的记忆点、主副歌形式和精细的制作。
Published by TutorHao | Music Revision Series | aleveler.com
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