Year 9 WJEC Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 9 WJEC 音乐：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 9 WJEC Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 9 WJEC 音乐：公式定理速查手册

Music, like mathematics, is built upon a set of underlying rules and patterns – its own 'formulas' and 'theorems'. This concise handbook collects every essential building block you need for Year 9 WJEC Music, from note durations and key signatures to chord construction and cadences, so you can quickly check, memorise, and apply them in listening, performing, and composing tasks.

音乐和数学一样，建立在一系列底层规则与模式之上——它有着自己的“公式”与“定理”。这本简洁的手册汇集了 Year 9 WJEC 音乐所需的一切核心构件，从音符时值和调号到和弦构建与终止式，让你在聆听、演奏与创作中随时查阅、记忆并应用。

1. Note Values & Rests | 音符时值与休止符

Every rhythm begins with understanding how long a note or silence lasts. The semibreve (whole note) serves as the reference point; all other values are simple fractions of it. In WJEC listening and score-reading, instant recognition of these symbols is essential for tapping rhythms, completing rhythmic dictation, and interpreting rests correctly.

所有节奏都从理解音符或休止符的时值开始。全音符是时值基准，其余音符都是它的简单分数。在 WJEC 听力与读谱中，快速识别这些符号对拍奏节奏、完成节奏听写和正确解读休止至关重要。

otes are equally vital: a dot adds half the original value. For instance, a dotted minim ( 𝅗𝅥 sts follow the same names and relative lengths, ensuring silence is measured with the same precision as sound.

附点音符同样关键：附点增加原时值的一半。例如，附点二分音符持续 2+1=3 个四分音符拍。休止符使用相同的名称与相对时值，确保静默与声音受到同等精度的度量。

2. Time Signatures | 拍号

Time signatures appear at the start of a piece and tell you how many beats are in each bar and what note value receives one beat. The top number gives the count per bar; the bottom number indicates the type of note. For example, 4/4 means four crotchet beats per bar, while 3/8 gives three quaver beats.

拍号出现在乐曲开头，告诉你每小节有多少拍、以何种音符为一拍。上方数字是每小节拍数；下方数字表示拍子单位。例如 4/4 表示每小节四个四分音符拍，而 3/8 则是三个八分音符拍。

into three equal parts. In compound time, the top number is 6, 9, or 12. The beat is a dotted note: 6/8 means two dotted-crotchet beats per bar (each beat = three quavers).

单拍子的每一拍可以自然地均分为二（如 2/4、3/4、4/4）。复拍子的每一拍则均分为三。复拍号的上方数字为 6、9 或 12，拍子单位是附点音符：6/8 表示每小节两个附点四分音符拍（每拍含三个八分音符）。

WJEC often asks you to identify whether a time signature is simple or compound and to beam quavers correctly. In simple meters, quavers are grouped per beat (usually in twos), while in compound meters they are grouped in threes to show the dotted beat.

WJEC 常要求你判断拍号是单拍子还是复拍子，并正确组合八分音符的符尾。单拍号中，八分音符按拍组合（通常两个一组），而复拍号中三个一组，以呈现附点节拍。

3. Key Signatures & Circle of Fifths | 调号与五度圈

Key signatures tell you which notes are consistently sharpened or flattened throughout a piece. The order of sharps (Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle) is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯. The order of flats (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father) is B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭. This sequence follows the circle of fifths, where each step moves up or down by a perfect fifth.

调号表明乐曲中哪些音持续升高或降低。升号顺序（Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle）为 F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯。降号顺序（Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father）为 B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭。这一序列遵循五度圈，每一步向上或向下移动纯五度。

res, the major tonic is one semitone above the last sharp. For example, key signature of F♯, C♯, G♯ → last sharp = G♯ ajor. For flat key signatures, the major tonic is the second-to-last flat. Key signature B♭, E♭, A♭ → second-to-last = E♭ major. No sharps or flats indicates C major or A minor.

快速识别公式：升号调中，大调主音是最后一个升号上方半音。例如，调号 F♯, C♯, G♯ → 末升号为 G♯，上半音为 A 大调。降号调中，大调主音是倒数第二个降号。调号 B♭, E♭, A♭ → 倒数第二个为 E♭ 大调。无升降号则为 C 大调或 a 小调。

Every major key has a relative minor a minor third (3 semitones) below. For instance, G major's relative minor is E minor. WJEC expects you to identify keys by signature and to understand the relationship between relative keys.

每个大调都有一个关系小调，位于下方小三度（3 个半音）。例如，G 大调的关系小调是 e 小调。WJEC 要求你根据调号判断调性，并理解关系大小调的关联。

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4. Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶公式

All major scales share the same pattern of tones (T) and semitones (S): T T S T T T S. In semitone counts: 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1. Starting from any tonic, applying this sequence gives you the major scale. The formula ensures the familiar bright, 'happy' sound and determines the key signature naturally.

所有大调音阶遵循相同的全音（T）与半音（S）模式：T T S T T T S；用半音数表达为 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1。从任意主音出发，应用这一序列即构成大调音阶。该公式确保了明亮、“快乐”的听感，并自然而然决定了调号。

C Major: C → D (T) → E (T) → F (S) → G (T) → A (T) → B (T) → C (S)

Practical use: when asked to construct a scale in an exam, always mark the tones and semitones onto the staff to avoid missing accidentals. The major scale formula is the foundation for understanding key relationships, intervals, and chord building.

实际应用：在考试中写作音阶时，始终在五线谱上标出全音与半音，以免遗漏临时变音记号。大调音阶公式是理解调性关系、音程与和弦构建的基础。

5. Minor Scale Formulas | 小调音阶公式

WJEC Year 9 introduces three forms of the minor scale, each with a distinct pattern. The natural minor follows T S T T S T T (2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2). It shares the key signature of its relative major. A natural minor: A B C D E F G A.

WJEC Year 9 介绍三种小调音阶，各有独特模式。自然小调遵循 T S T T S T T（2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2），与其关系大调共用同一调号。a 自然小调：A B C D E F G A。

The harmonic minor raises the 7th degree by a semitone, creating an augmented second (3 semitones) between the 6th and 7th: T S T T S 3 S. Example: A harmonic minor – A B C D E F G♯ A. This scale provides the characteristic leading tone needed for dominant harmony.

和声小调将第 7 级升高半音，在第 6 至 7 级之间形成增二度（3 个半音）：T S T T S 3 S。示例：a 和声小调 – A B C D E F G♯ A。该音阶提供了属和声所需的主音导音。

The melodic minor differs in ascent and descent. Ascending, raise the 6th and 7th degrees: T S T T T T S (as a major scale with a flattened 3rd). Descending typically reverts to natural minor: T T S T T S T. A melodic minor ascending: A B C D E F♯ G♯ A.

旋律小调上行与下行不同。上行升高第 6 和第 7 级：T S T T T T S（相当于降 3 级的大调）。下行通常回归自然小调：T T S T T S T。a 旋律小调上行：A B C D E F♯ G♯ A。

6. Intervals | 音程

An interval measures the pitch distance between two notes. It is defined by a number (staff positions) and a quality (perfect, major, minor, augmented, diminished). The quick-reference table below shows the semitone counts for intervals within an octave, a formula that works for any starting note.

音程度量两个音之间的音高距离，由度数（线间位置）和性质（纯、大、小、增、减）共同定义。下表速查八度内各音程的半音数，这一公式适用于任何起始音。

Interval	Semitones	Common Example
Perfect Unison (P1)	0	C–C
Minor 2nd (m2)	1	E–F, B–C
Major 2nd (M2)	2	C–D
Minor 3rd (m3)	3	A–C
Major 3rd (M3)	4	C–E
Perfect 4th (P4)	5	C–F
Augmented 4th / Diminished 5th (A4/d5)	6	C–F♯ (tritone)
Perfect 5th (P5)	7	C–G
Minor 6th (m6)	8	A–F
Major 6th (M6)	9	C–A
Minor 7th (m7)	10	C–B♭
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