📚 Year 9 Cambridge Art: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Principles | Year 9 剑桥艺术：公式定理速查手册
Art may seem to be all about free expression, but beneath every masterpiece lies a set of reliable formulas and principles. This handbook brings together the essential visual equations, colour rules, perspective grids, and compositional ratios that Year 9 Cambridge Art students need to know. Whether you are mixing paint, drawing in perspective, or planning a balanced composition, these time-tested principles will give your work structure, depth, and professional polish.
艺术看似全凭自由表达，但每一幅杰作背后都有一套可靠的公式与原理。这本手册汇集了 Year 9 剑桥艺术课程学生必须掌握的核心视觉方程、色彩法则、透视网格和构图比例。无论你是在调色、画透视图还是规划均衡的构图，这些久经考验的原理都能赋予你的作品结构感、纵深感和专业水准。
1. The Colour Wheel Equation | 色轮公式
The standard 12-part colour wheel is built on three primary colours (red, yellow, blue), three secondary colours (orange, green, violet), and six tertiary colours (red-orange, yellow-orange, yellow-green, blue-green, blue-violet, red-violet). The mixing rule is: Primary + Primary = Secondary, and Primary + adjacent Secondary = Tertiary.
标准的 12 色色轮建立在三原色（红、黄、蓝）、三间色（橙、绿、紫）和六种复色（红橙、黄橙、黄绿、蓝绿、蓝紫、红紫）基础之上。调色规则为：原色 + 原色 = 间色，原色 + 相邻间色 = 复色。
2. Complementary Contrast Formula | 互补色对比公式
Complementary colours sit directly opposite each other on the colour wheel. The pairs are: red ↔ green, blue ↔ orange, yellow ↔ violet. When placed side by side, they create maximum contrast and visual vibration. Use this principle to make a focal point pop: place a small amount of a complementary colour next to a dominant hue.
互补色在色轮上正相对。经典的互补对为：红 ↔ 绿，蓝 ↔ 橙，黄 ↔ 紫。当它们并置时，能产生最大的对比和视觉振动。利用这一原理可以让焦点区域跳脱出来：在主导色旁边放置少量互补色即可。
3. Analogous Harmony Rule | 类似色和谐规则
Analogous colours sit next to each other on the colour wheel, usually in groups of three. For instance, yellow, yellow-green, and green form a harmonious, restful palette. The formula for a successful analogous scheme is: choose one dominant colour, a second supporting colour, and a third accent colour (often the middle one). Use them in a 60:30:10 ratio to maintain balance.
类似色是色轮上相邻的颜色，通常以三色为一组。例如，黄色、黄绿色和绿色构成和谐宁静的调色板。成功的类似色方案公式为：选择一种主导色、一种辅助色和一种强调色（通常是中间色）。按照 60:30:10 的比例使用，以保持画面平衡。
4. The Glaze and Scumble Mixing Formulas | 罩染与薄涂混合公式
For oil and acrylic painting, a glaze is a thin, transparent layer of colour made by mixing paint with a glazing medium. The formula: 1 part paint : 3 parts medium. A scumble is an opaque, broken layer of lighter, dry-brush paint applied over a darker underlayer. The scumble formula: 1 part paint : 1 part medium (or use paint straight from the tube with a dry brush).
在油画和丙烯画中，罩染是将颜料与罩染媒介剂混合而成的透明薄色层。配方：1 份颜料 : 3 份媒介剂。薄涂是一种不透明的、破碎状的亮色层，用干画笔将较浅的颜色涂在较深的底色上。薄涂配方：1 份颜料 : 1 份媒介剂（或用干画笔直接取管装颜料）。
5. Tints, Shades, and Tones – The Value Formula | 浅色调、深色调与灰色调 – 明度公式
A tint is any colour plus white: Colour + White → Tint. A shade is any colour plus black: Colour + Black → Shade. A tone is any colour plus grey: Colour + Grey → Tone. This value formula allows you to create a full range of lights and darks from a single hue, essential for form and volume.
浅色调是颜色加白：颜色 + 白 → 浅色调。深色调是颜色加黑：颜色 + 黑 → 深色调。灰色调是颜色加灰：颜色 + 灰 → 灰色调。这一明度公式让你从单一色相出发创造出全范围的明暗变化，这对表现形体和体积感至关重要。
6. One-Point Perspective: The Vanishing Point Rule | 一点透视：消失点规则
In one-point perspective, all parallel lines receding into the distance converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon line. The basic construction formula: draw a horizon line, place a vanishing point, then draw orthogonals (converging lines) from the vanishing point to define depth. All vertical and horizontal lines that are parallel to the picture plane remain vertical and horizontal, respectively.
在一点透视中，所有向远方后退的平行线都会汇聚在地平线上的一个消失点。基本构建公式为：画一条地平线，放置一个消失点，然后从消失点画出正交线（汇聚线）来定义深度。所有与画面平行的垂直线和水平线分别保持垂直和水平。
7. Two-Point Perspective Guideline | 两点透视指引
Two-point perspective uses two vanishing points placed on the horizon line, usually far apart. Vertical lines remain vertical. The formula: draw a vertical edge first, then connect its top and bottom to each vanishing point. This gives the illusion of an object viewed at an angle, with two sets of receding edges.
两点透视使用地平线上的两个消失点，通常相距较远。垂直线保持垂直。公式为：先画一条垂直棱，然后将其顶端和底端分别连接到两个消失点。这能使物体呈现出一个角度的视觉错觉，产生两组后退的边。
8. The Rule of Thirds Composition Grid | 三分法构图网格
Divide your canvas into 9 equal rectangles using two equally spaced horizontal lines and two equally spaced vertical lines. Place the most important elements along these lines or at their intersections. This formula replaces a static central composition with a dynamic, balanced arrangement that guides the viewer's eye naturally through the artwork.
用两条等距的水平线和两条等距的垂直线将画面分成 9 个相等的矩形。将最重要的元素放置在这些线或它们的交点上。这一公式用动态平衡的布局取代静态的居中构图，引导观者的视线自然地在作品中流动。
9. The Golden Ratio in Art | 艺术中的黄金比例
The golden ratio (Φ, approximately 1.618) appears in nature and classical art. The golden rectangle formula: when a square is cut from a golden rectangle, the remaining rectangle is also golden. To create a golden section in composition, divide your picture plane so that the ratio of the larger part to the smaller part equals the ratio of the whole to the larger part: a/b = (a+b)/a ≈ 1.618.
黄金比例（Φ，约等于 1.618）出现在自然界和古典艺术中。黄金矩形公式：从黄金矩形中切出一个正方形后，剩下的矩形依然是黄金矩形。在构图中创建黄金分割时，分割画面使较大部分与较小部分之比等于整体与较大部分之比：a / b = (a + b) / a ≈ 1.618。
10. Atmospheric Perspective Depth Formula | 空气透视深度公式
Atmospheric perspective creates depth by changing four properties of distant objects: colour shifts towards blue-grey, contrast decreases, details blur, and values become lighter. The working formula: for every kilometre of depth, increase the coolness (blue bias) by roughly 10%, reduce contrast by 10%, and lighten values by 5–10% depending on weather conditions.
空气透视通过改变远处物体的四个属性来创造深度感：色彩偏蓝灰、对比度降低、细节模糊、明度变亮。实用的公式为：每增加一公里的深度，冷色调（偏蓝）大约增加 10%，对比度降低 10%，根据天气状况明度提高 5–10%。
11. Gestalt Principles of Visual Grouping | 格式塔视觉分组原理
Gestalt theory explains how we perceive visual units. Key formulas: proximity – objects placed close together are seen as a group; similarity – elements that look alike are perceived as related; closure – the brain fills in missing parts of a shape; continuity – the eye follows a smooth path. Use these principles to control the visual rhythm and unity of your composition.
格式塔理论解释了我们如何感知视觉单元。关键公式：接近性——放置在一起的对象被看作一组；相似性——相似的元素被感知为相关；闭合性——大脑会填补形状的缺失部分；连续性——眼睛会沿着平滑的路径移动。运用这些原理来控制构图的视觉节奏和统一感。
12. Line Weight Variation Formula | 线条粗细变化公式
Expressive line work uses a simple formula: thicker lines suggest shadow, weight, or nearness; thinner lines suggest light, delicacy, or distance. When outlining a form, apply pressure on the drawing tool on the shadow side and lighten pressure on the light side. For pen and ink: shadow edge = 2–3 times the line weight of the light edge. This instantly adds three-dimensional volume.
富有表现力的线条运用一个简单的公式：较粗的线条暗示阴影、重量或近距离；较细的线条暗示光亮、精致或远距离。在勾勒形体时，在阴影侧加重运笔力度，在受光侧减轻力度。对于针管笔与墨水画：阴影边缘线宽 = 受光边缘线宽的 2–3 倍。这能立刻增加三维体积感。
Published by TutorHao | Art & Design Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图