📚 Year 9 Cambridge Sociology: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Revision Guide | 剑桥九年级社会学：关键词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociology begins with a solid command of its key terms. This guide gathers the essential vocabulary you will encounter in the Year 9 Cambridge Sociology course, presenting each concept in a clear and memorable way. Use it to reinforce your learning, test yourself, and build confidence for assessments.
掌握社会学，从牢固掌握关键术语开始。本指南汇集了你在剑桥九年级社会学课程中会遇到的基础词汇，并以清晰好记的方式呈现每个概念。用它来巩固学习、自我检测，并为测评建立信心。
1. Core Concepts: Culture, Norms and Values | 核心概念：文化、规范与价值观
Culture refers to the entire way of life of a group of people, including their language, beliefs, customs, dress, food and art. It shapes how members of a society see the world and behave within it.
文化指的是一个群体全部的生活方式，包括他们的语言、信仰、习俗、服饰、饮食和艺术。文化塑造了社会成员看待世界以及在其中行为的方式。
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable and expected in a particular social group or society. For example, queuing in line is a norm in many cultures.
规范是在特定社会群体或社会中被认为可接受、被期待的不成文行为准则。例如，在许多文化中排队就是一种规范。
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is right, wrong, desirable or undesirable. They underpin norms and guide people's choices, such as valuing honesty or respect for elders.
价值观是人们对什么是正确、错误、可取或不可取的深层信念。价值观支撑着规范，并引导人们的选择，比如重视诚实或尊重长辈。
2. Socialisation: The Process of Becoming Human | 社会化：成为人的过程
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, customs and roles of their society. It enables people to function as members of a community.
社会化是一个持续终生的过程，个体通过它学习所处社会的规范、价值观、习俗和角色。它使人们能够作为社会一员正常行事。
Primary socialisation takes place in early childhood, mainly within the family. Here, children acquire basic language, norms and the foundation of their personality.
初级社会化发生在童年早期，主要在家庭中进行。在这一阶段，儿童习得基本的语言、规范和人格基础。
Secondary socialisation occurs later in life through institutions such as schools, peer groups and the media. It builds on primary socialisation and teaches more specialised skills and attitudes.
次级社会化发生在人生的较后阶段，通过学校、同辈群体和媒体等机构进行。它建立在初级社会化的基础上，教授更为专门化的技能和态度。
3. Identity and the Self | 身份与自我
Identity is the sense of who you are as an individual and as a member of social groups. It combines your personal characteristics with the social labels and roles you hold.
身份是作为个体和作为社会群体一员对自身是谁的感知。它结合了你的个人特征以及你拥有的社会标签与角色。
Personal identity includes the unique traits, interests and life experiences that distinguish you from others. Your love for a particular hobby or your temperament are parts of personal identity.
个人身份包括独特的特质、兴趣和生活经历，使你有别于他人。你对某一爱好的热爱或你的性情都属于个人身份的组成部分。
Social identity refers to the aspects of your self-concept that come from your membership in groups, such as nationality, ethnicity, religion or being a student.
社会身份指的是自我概念中来自群体成员身份的方面，如国籍、族裔、宗教或学生身份。
4. Roles and Status: Our Place in Society | 角色与地位：我们在社会中的位置
A social role is the pattern of behaviour expected of a person who occupies a particular social position. For instance, the role of a 'teacher' includes instructing, guiding and marking work.
社会角色是对占据特定社会位置的人所期待的行为模式。例如，“教师”这个角色就包括教学、指导和批改作业。
Status describes the social position a person holds and the prestige attached to it. Status can be ascribed, such as being born into royalty, or achieved, such as earning a degree.
地位描述了一个人拥有的社会位置及其所附带的声望。地位可以是先赋的，比如生在王室，也可以是自致的，比如获得学位。
Role conflict arises when an individual faces incompatible demands from two or more roles they hold, such as a student who is also a parent struggling to manage study and childcare.
当个体面临来自两个或以上角色互不相容的要求时，就会出现角色冲突，例如一个同时为人父母的学生在学习与育儿间挣扎。
5. Agents of Socialisation: Who Teaches Us? | 社会化的媒介：谁在教我们？
The family is the main agent of primary socialisation. It provides intimate, early learning of language, values and emotional bonds. Parents and siblings model behaviour and set boundaries.
家庭是初级社会化的主要媒介。它提供亲密的、早期的语言、价值观和情感纽带学习。父母和兄弟姐妹示范行为并设定界限。
Schools are agents of secondary socialisation that formally transmit knowledge and skills. They also enforce a hidden curriculum through rules, uniforms and authority structures, teaching obedience and punctuality.
学校是次级社会化的媒介，正式传递知识与技能。它们还通过规则、制服和权威结构实施隐性课程，教导服从和守时。
Peer groups become influential during adolescence. Friends offer support, pressure, and opportunities to practise independence away from adult control, often shaping tastes in music, fashion and language.
同辈群体在青春期变得极具影响力。朋友提供支持、压力，并在脱离成人控制的环境下提供练习独立的机会，常常塑造音乐、时尚和语言方面的品味。
The mass media, including social media, television and streaming platforms, expose young people to a wide range of lifestyles, norms and opinions, powerfully shaping attitudes and consumer behaviour.
大众媒介，包括社交媒体、电视和流媒体平台，让年轻人接触到各种各样的生活方式、规范和观点，强有力地塑造着态度和消费行为。
6. Social Control and Deviance: Keeping Order | 社会控制与越轨：维持秩序
Social control refers to the mechanisms a society uses to ensure conformity to norms and values. It can be informal, like a disapproving look, or formal, like police and courts.
社会控制指社会用来确保人们遵从规范和价值的机制。它可以是非正式的，比如责备的目光，也可以是正式的，比如警察和法院。
Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms. Not all deviance is criminal; wearing unusual clothes or speaking loudly in a quiet library can be seen as deviant.
越轨是任何违反社会规范的行为。并非所有越轨都是犯罪；在安静的图书馆大声说话或穿着奇装异服也可能被视为越轨。
Sanctions are responses to behaviour that either reward conformity (positive sanctions like praise) or punish deviance (negative sanctions like detention). They reinforce social order.
制裁是对行为的反应，要么奖励遵从（正面制裁，如表扬），要么惩罚越轨（负面制裁，如留校）。它们强化了社会秩序。
7. Social Stratification: Inequality and Class | 社会分层：不平等与阶级
Social stratification is the way society is divided into layers or strata based on factors like wealth, power, status and income. It results in systematic inequality between groups.
社会分层是指社会根据财富、权力、地位和收入等因素被划分为不同层级或阶层的方式。这导致了群体之间的系统性不平等。
Social class is a key form of stratification, often linked to occupation and economic resources. In the UK, class is commonly discussed in terms of working, middle and upper classes.
社会阶级是分层的一种关键形式，常与职业和经济资源相关联。在英国，阶级通常被讨论为工人阶级、中产阶级和上层阶级。
Life chances refer to the opportunities an individual has to improve their quality of life, such as access to good education, healthcare and housing. These are heavily influenced by social class.
生活机会指个体提升生活质量的机会，如获得良好教育、医疗和住房的途径。这些深受社会阶级的影响。
Social mobility describes the movement of individuals or groups between different layers of the stratification system. Upward mobility implies moving to a higher class, downward mobility the opposite.
社会流动性描述了个人或群体在分层系统不同层级之间的移动。向上流动指进入更高的阶级，向下流动则相反。
8. Power and Authority: Who Rules? | 权力与权威：谁在统治？
Power is the ability to impose your will on others, even against resistance. It can be exercised through force, influence or the threat of sanctions.
权力是将自己的意志强加于他人的能力，即使遇到抵抗。权力可以通过武力、影响力或制裁威胁来行使。
Authority is power that is accepted as legitimate by those who are subject to it. For example, a teacher has authority in the classroom because students agree they have the right to direct learning.
权威是那些受其支配的人视为合法的权力。例如，教师在课堂上有权威，因为学生认同他们有指导学习的权利。
Sociologist Max Weber identified three ideal types of authority: traditional (based on customs and heritage), charismatic (based on personal appeal and heroism), and legal-rational (based on formal rules and laws).
社会学家马克斯·韦伯提出了三种理想权威类型：传统型（基于习俗与传承）、魅力型（基于个人感召力与英雄气概）和法理型（基于正式规则与法律）。
9. Research Methods: How Sociologists Study Society | 研究方法：社会学家如何研究社会
Primary data is new information collected first-hand by the researcher through methods like questionnaires, interviews or observations. It is original and specific to the study's aims.
初级数据是研究者通过问卷、访谈或观察等方法直接收集的新信息。它是针对研究目的而收集的原始数据。
Secondary data is information that already exists, such as official statistics, historical documents or previous research findings. It saves time but may not perfectly answer the researcher's questions.
次级数据是已经存在的信息，如官方统计资料、历史文献或前人的研究发现。它节省时间，但可能不完全符合研究者的问题。
Quantitative data is numerical information that can be measured and presented in graphs or statistics, like the percentage of students who walk to school. Qualitative data is in-depth, descriptive information about feelings, experiences and meanings, often expressed in words.
定量数据是可以测量并用图表或统计数字呈现的数值信息，如走路上学的学生百分比。定性数据是关于感受、体验和意义的深入描述性信息，通常以文字表达。
Sampling is the process of selecting a group of people to take part in research. A random sample gives everyone an equal chance of being chosen, while a stratified sample ensures specific subgroups are represented.
抽样是选取一群人参与研究的过程。随机样本让每个人都有均等被选中的机会，而分层样本则确保特定子群体能被代表。
10. Quick Memory Tips for Sociology Terminology | 社会学术语速记技巧
To remember the difference between norms and values, think: 'Norms are Normal behaviours in a society, Values are what we Value.' The letter connection (N-N, V-V) helps pin the meaning.
要记住规范和价值观的区别，可以这样想：“Norms 是社会中正常(Normal)的行为，Values 是我们珍视(Value)的东西。”字母上的联系有助于锁定含义。
Visualise stratification as a layered cake or a multi-storey building. The higher the floor, the more privileges and resources; the lower the floor, the fewer life chances. This physical image makes the abstract concept tangible.
把社会分层想象成一块千层蛋糕或一栋多层建筑。楼层越高，特权和资源就越多；楼层越低，生活机会就越少。这种具体的图像使抽象概念变得可触摸。
For primary and secondary socialisation, use the memory cue 'Family First, School Second'. Primary begins in the family; secondary continues with school and beyond, arranged in chronological order.
对于初级和次级社会化，用记忆线索“家庭在先，学校随后”。初级社会化始于家庭，次级社会化由学校及往后延续，按时间顺序排列。
Recall the types of authority with the acronym CTL: Charismatic, Traditional, Legal-rational. Say it like 'cattle' and picture a ruler with three faces.
用缩写 CTL 记三种权威类型：魅力型、传统型、法理型。读起来像“cattle”，并想象一个有三张面孔的统治者。
When revising research methods, group keywords into 'Two Qs and Two Pairs': Qualitative, Quantitative, Primary, Secondary. Pair opposites together — Qualitative vs Quantitative, Primary vs Secondary — to reinforce contrasts.
复习研究方法时，将关键词分组成“两个Q和两对”：定性、定量、初级、次级。把对立面成对记忆——定性对定量，初级对次级——以强化区别。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图