📚 Spanish Grammar Formulas Quick Reference | 西班牙语语法公式速查手册
This handbook is designed as a quick-reference tool for Year 9 Cambridge Spanish students. It presents the most essential grammar rules, verb conjugation patterns, and sentence structures as clear, reusable 'formulas'. Use these models to build accurate sentences and to understand how the Spanish language works systematically. Keep this guide with you while practising translations, completing exercises, or preparing for examinations.
本手册是为 Year 9 Cambridge 西班牙语学生准备的速查工具。它将最重要的语法规则、动词变位模式和句型结构整理成清晰可复用的“公式”。利用这些模型去构造准确的句子，系统性地理解西班牙语的运作方式。在练习翻译、完成作业或备考时，可将此指南放在手边随时查阅。
1. Noun Gender and Number | 名词的性与数
In Spanish, every noun has a grammatical gender: masculine or feminine. The general formula is that nouns ending in -o are usually masculine, and nouns ending in -a are usually feminine. Exceptions must be memorised, such as 'el día' (masculine) and 'la mano' (feminine).
在西班牙语中，每个名词都有语法性别：阳性或阴性。一般规律是，以 -o 结尾的名词大多为阳性，以 -a 结尾的名词大多为阴性。一些例外需要记忆，如 “el día” (阳性) 和 “la mano” (阴性)。
The plural formula is straightforward. If a noun ends in a vowel, add -s. If it ends in a consonant, add -es. For example: libro → libros, pared → paredes. When a word ends in -z, change the z to c and add -es, as in lápiz → lápices.
复数公式也很直接。若名词以元音结尾，加 -s；若以辅音结尾，加 -es。例如：libro → libros，pared → paredes。当单词以 -z 结尾时，将 z 变为 c 再加 -es，如 lápiz → lápices。
2. Articles | 冠词
Articles must match the gender and number of the noun they accompany. The definite article formula is: masculine singular el, feminine singular la, masculine plural los, feminine plural las. Use the neuter article lo only with adjectives or adverbs used as abstract nouns, e.g. lo bueno (the good thing).
冠词必须与其修饰的名词保持性和数的一致。定冠词公式为：阳性单数 el，阴性单数 la，阳性复数 los，阴性复数 las。冠词 lo 为中性，仅用于形容词或副词用作抽象名词时，如 lo bueno (好的东西)。
The indefinite article formula is: masculine singular un, feminine singular una, masculine plural unos, feminine plural unas. Remember that unos/unas often translate as 'some'. For negative sentences, the article can be omitted after no with the verb tener, e.g. No tengo coche.
不定冠词公式为：阳性单数 un，阴性单数 una，阳性复数 unos，阴性复数 unas。注意 unos/unas 常译为“一些”。在否定句中，动词 tener后面的冠词可以省略，如 No tengo coche. (我没有小汽车)。
3. Adjective Agreement | 形容词一致性
Adjectives in Spanish change their endings to agree with the noun in gender and number. The basic formula: if the adjective ends in -o in its masculine singular form, change to -a for feminine, add -s for plural. Example: un chico alto → una chica alta → unos chicos altos → unas chicas altas.
西班牙语形容词需要根据名词的性和数改变词尾。基本公式：若形容词阳性单数以 -o 结尾，阴性改为 -a，复数加 -s。例如：un chico alto → una chica alta → unos chicos altos → unas chicas altas。
For adjectives ending in -e or a consonant, the singular form is often the same for both genders; the plural is formed by adding -es. Examples: un libro interesante, una película interesante; difícil → difíciles. Some adjectives of nationality that end in a consonant add -a in the feminine, e.g. español → española.
以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词，单数形式通常阴阳性同形；复数加 -es。例如：un libro interesante, una película interesante；difícil → difíciles。一些表示国籍、以辅音结尾的形容词在阴性时要加 -a，如 español → española。
4. Subject Pronouns | 主语代词
Subject pronouns are often omitted in Spanish because the verb ending indicates the subject. However, knowing them is essential for clarity and emphasis. The standard set: yo (I), tú (you, informal singular), él/ella/usted (he/she/you formal singular), nosotros/nosotras (we), vosotros/vosotras (you plural informal, used mainly in Spain), ellos/ellas/ustedes (they/you plural).
主语代词在西班牙语中经常省略，因为动词词尾已指明主语。但为了清晰和强调，掌握它们仍很关键。标准代词系列：yo（我），tú（你，非正式单数），él/ella/usted（他/她/您），nosotros/nosotras（我们），vosotros/vosotras（你们，非正式复数，主要用于西班牙），ellos/ellas/ustedes（他们/她们/诸位）。
Note that ustedes functions as the formal plural 'you' in Spain and as the only plural 'you' form in most Latin American countries. The feminines nosotras and vosotras are used when the group is all-female; mixed or all-male groups use the masculine form.
注意，ustedes 在西班牙用作正式复数“你们”，而在大多数拉美国家是唯一复数“你们”形式。阴性形式 nosotras 和 vosotras 只在清一色女性群体中使用；混合或全男性群体使用阳性形式。
5. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词
Regular verbs in the present tense follow a clear conjugation formula based on their infinitive ending. Remove the infinitive ending -ar, -er, or -ir and add the corresponding set of endings. The formula for -ar verbs: yo -o, tú -as, él/ella/usted -a, nosotros -amos, vosotros -áis, ellos/ellas/ustedes -an.
现在时规则动词遵循基于不定式词尾的明确变位公式。去掉不定式词尾 -ar、-er 或 -ir，然后加上相应词尾。以 -ar 动词为例的公式：yo -o, tú -as, él/ella/usted -a, nosotros -amos, vosotros -áis, ellos/ellas/ustedes -an。
For -er verbs: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. Example: comer → como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen. For -ir verbs the endings are nearly identical to -er, but the nosotros form is -imos and the vosotros form is -ís: vivir → vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven.
对于 -er 动词：-o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en。例如：comer → como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen。-ir 动词的词尾与 -er 几乎相同，但 nosotros 形式为 -imos，vosotros 形式为 -ís：vivir → vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven。
hablar: hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan
aprender: aprendo, aprendes, aprende, aprendemos, aprendéis, aprenden
6. Key Irregular Verbs | 核心不规则动词
Some of the most frequently used verbs in Spanish are irregular in the present tense. You must memorise their patterns. Here is a quick-reference formula chart for the most essential ones.
一些西班牙语中使用频率最高的动词现在时变位是不规则的，必须熟记其模式。以下是几个最核心动词的速查公式表。
| Infinitive | yo | tú | él/ella/usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos/ustedes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ser (to be) | soy | eres | es | somos | sois | son |
| estar (to be) | estoy | estás | está | estamos | estáis | están |
| ir (to go) | voy | vas | va | vamos | vais | van |
| tener (to have) | tengo | tienes | tiene | tenemos | tenéis | tienen |
| hacer (to do/make) | hago | haces | hace | hacemos | hacéis | hacen |
Remember the fundamental distinction between ser and estar: ser is used for permanent characteristics, origin, time, and identity; estar is used for temporary states, locations, and conditions described by the present progressive. A simple formula to recall: 'How you feel and where you are, always use the verb estar.'
牢记 ser 和 estar 的根本区别：ser 用于永久特征、出身、时间和身份；estar 用于暂时状态、位置以及现在进行时描述的状况。一个简单的记忆公式：“感受和位置，都用 estar。”
7. The Verb 'Gustar' | 动词 Gustar
The verb gustar does not work like 'to like' in English; it functions more like 'to be pleasing to'. The grammatical formula is: indirect object pronoun + gusta/gustan + subject. The subject is the thing liked, which determines whether gusta or gustan is used.
动词 gustar 的用法与英文 “to like” 不同，它更接近“使……喜欢”的意思。语法公式为：间接宾语代词 + gusta/gustan + 主语。主语是被喜欢的事物，它决定用 gusta 还是 gustan。
Indirect object pronouns used with gustar: me (to me), te (to you, informal), le (to him/her/you formal), nos (to us), os (to you plural informal), les (to them/you plural). Example: Me gusta el chocolate. (Chocolate is pleasing to me.) Me gustan los libros. (Books are pleasing to me.) When clarification is needed, add a + pronoun/noun, e.g. A ella le gusta bailar.
与 gustar 连用的间接宾语代词：me, te, le, nos, os, les。例如：Me gusta el chocolate. (我喜欢巧克力。) Me gustan los libros. (我喜欢这些书。) 当需要明确对象时，加上 a + 代词/名词，如 A ella le gusta bailar. (她喜欢跳舞。)
Other verbs that follow this same formula include: encantar (to love, be enchanting), interesar (to interest), aburrir (to bore), faltar (to lack). They all use the same structure.
其他遵循相同公式的动词包括：encantar (使着迷、非常喜欢)，interesar (使感兴趣)，aburrir (使厌烦)，faltar (缺少)。它们都使用同一结构。
8. Direct Object Pronouns | 直接宾语代词
Direct object pronouns replace the noun that directly receives the action of the verb, avoiding repetition. The formula: me (me), te (you informal), lo/la (him, it masculine / her, it feminine, you formal), nos (us), os (you plural informal), los/las (them, you plural). These pronouns usually go immediately before a conjugated verb, or attached to the end of an infinitive or gerund.
直接宾语代词替代直接承受动作的名词，避免重复。公式为：me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las。这些代词通常置于变位动词之前，或附着在不定式或副动词之后。
Examples: Veo a Juan. → Lo veo. (I see him.) Compramos las frutas. → Las compramos. (We buy them.) With infinitives: Voy a leer el libro. → Voy a leerlo / Lo voy a leer. Both placements are correct when an infinitive is present.
示例：Veo a Juan. → Lo veo. Compramos las frutas. → Las compramos. 当有不定式时：Voy a leer el libro. → Voy a leerlo 或 Lo voy a leer. 两种位置均正确。
9. Indirect Object Pronouns | 间接宾语代词
Indirect object pronouns indicate to whom or for whom an action is performed. The formula is: me, te, le, nos, os, les. In sentences where both an indirect and a direct object pronoun appear, the indirect comes first. When both third-person pronouns le/les and lo/la/los/las are combined, le/les changes to se to avoid the awkward 'le lo' sound.
间接宾语代指动作是为谁或对谁而做。公式为：me, te, le, nos, os, les。当间接宾语代词和直接宾语代词同时出现在句中，间接宾语代词在前。当第三人称 le/les 与 lo/la/los/las 组合时，le/les 要变为 se，以避免 “le lo” 拗口。
Examples: Doy el regalo a María. → Le doy el regalo. → Se lo doy. (I give it to her.) Explico la lección a los estudiantes. → Les explico la lección. → Se la explico. (I explain it to them.) Notice how le and les become se before lo/la/los/las.
示例：Doy el regalo a María. → Le doy el regalo. → Se lo doy. (我把礼物给她。) Explico la lección a los estudiantes. → Les explico la lección. → Se la explico. (我向他们解释这节课。) 注意 le/les 在 lo/la/los/las 前变为 se。
10. Present Progressive (estar + gerundio) | 现在进行时 (estar + 副动词)
To express an action that is happening right now, use the present progressive formula: conjugated form of estar + gerundio. The gerundio is formed by adding -ando to the stem of -ar verbs and -iendo to the stem of -er and -ir verbs.
表达正在发生的动作，使用现在进行时公式：变位的 estar + 副动词。副动词构成：-ar 动词词干加 -ando，-er 和 -ir 动词词干加 -iendo。
Examples: Estoy hablando (I am talking), estás comiendo (you are eating), está viviendo (he/she is living). Some verbs have stem-changing gerundios: dormir → durmiendo, pedir → pidiendo, leer → leyendo (the 'i' changes to 'y' to avoid triple vowel).
示例：Estoy hablando (我在说话)，estás comiendo (你在吃)，está viviendo (他/她在生活)。某些动词的副动词有词干变化：dormir → durmiendo, pedir → pidiendo, leer → leyendo (i 变为 y 以避免三连元音)。
Note that while English often uses the present progressive for future arrangements, Spanish prefers the simple present or the ir a future for such contexts. Use this formula only when stressing the ongoing nature of an action.
注意，英文常用现在进行时表达将来的安排，而西班牙语则倾向用简单现在时或 ir a 的未来形式。只有在强调动作的正在进行时才使用这个公式。
11. Simple Future (ir a + infinitive) | 简单将来时 (ir a + 不定式)
The most common way to express future events in everyday Spanish, especially in Year 9, is the ir a + infinitive formula. This is equivalent to 'going to' in English. Conjugate the verb ir in the present tense, add a, and then the infinitive of the main verb.
日常西班牙语中最常见的将来表达法，尤其在 Year 9 阶段，即 ir a + 不定式 公式，相当于英文 “going to”。将 ir 现在时变位，加 a，再加上主要动词的不定式。
Formula: (yo) voy a + infinitive, (tú) vas a + infinitive, (él) va a + infinitive, (nosotros) vamos a + infinitive, (vosotros) vais a + infinitive, (ellos) van a + infinitive. Example: Voy a estudiar esta noche. (I'm going to study tonight.) Ella va a comprar un coche. (She's going to buy a car.)
公式：voy a + 不定式，vas a + 不定式，va a + 不定式，vamos a + 不定式，vais a + 不定式，van a + 不定式。示例：Voy a estudiar esta noche. (我今晚要学习。) Ella va a comprar un coche. (她要买一辆车。)
Do not place any pronoun between ir and a. However, you may attach object pronouns to the infinitive: Lo voy a hacer or Voy a hacerlo.
不要在 ir 和 a 之间插入代词。但可以将宾语代词附着在不定式后：Lo voy a hacer 或 Voy a hacerlo。
12. Comparatives and Superlatives | 比较级与最高级
To compare two unequal things, use the comparative formula: más + adjective/adverb/noun + que (more ... than) or menos + adjective/adverb/noun + que (less ... than). For equality comparisons, use tan + adjective/adverb + como (as ... as) and tanto/a/os/as + noun + como (as much/many ... as).
比较两个不等的事物，使用比较级公式：más + 形容词/副词/名词 + que (比……更……) 或 menos + 形容词/副词/名词 + que (不如……)。同等比较用 tan + 形容词/副词 + como 和 tanto/a/os/as + 名词 + como。
Examples: Pedro es más alto que Luis. (Pedro is taller than Luis.) Este libro es menos interesante que la película. (This book is less interesting than the film.) Soy tan inteligente como tú. (I am as intelligent as you.) Tengo tantos amigos como ella. (I have as many friends as her.)
示例：Pedro es más alto que Luis. Este libro es menos interesante que la película. Soy tan inteligente como tú. Tengo tantos amigos como ella.
Irregular comparatives must be memorised: bueno → mejor (better), malo → peor (worse), grande → mayor (older/greater), pequeño → menor (younger/smaller). To form the superlative, place the definite article before más or menos: el/la/los/las + más/menos + adjective + de. Example: Es la chica más inteligente de la clase. (She is the most intelligent girl in the class.)
不规则比较级需要记忆：bueno → mejor, malo → peor, grande → mayor, pequeño → menor。构成最高级时，在 más 或 menos 前加定冠词：
Published by TutorHao | Year 9 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图