📚 Year 9 Cambridge French: Grammar Formula Handbook | 九年级剑桥法语：语法公式速查手册
As you build your core knowledge in Cambridge Year 9 French, having a set of clear, reusable 'formulas' for grammar makes sentence construction much easier. This quick-reference handbook brings together the essential rules, conjugations and structures you will use again and again in speaking, writing and comprehension.
在剑桥九年级法语的学习中，掌握一套清晰、可复用的语法“公式”能让遣词造句变得轻松许多。这本速查手册汇集了你在口语、写作和阅读理解中反复使用的基础规则、动词变位和句型结构。
1. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词
Every French noun carries a gender and number. The definite article (the) and indefinite article (a/an/some) must agree with the noun in both respects. Use le, un for masculine singular; la, une for feminine singular; l' before vowels or silent h for both genders; les, des for all plurals.
每个法语名词都有性和数，定冠词（相当于“这/那”）和不定冠词（相当于“一个/一些”）必须与名词保持性和数的一致。阳性单数用 le、un；阴性单数用 la、une；元音或哑音 h 前两性通用 l'；复数均用 les、des。
| 类别 | Masculine (阳性) | Feminine (阴性) | Before vowel/h | Plural (复数) |
| Definite (定冠词) | le livre | la table | l'ami (m.), l'amie (f.) | les livres / tables |
| Indefinite (不定冠词) | un garçon | une fille | un / une + vowel as above | des enfants |
2. Noun Gender and Plural Formation | 名词的性与复数构成
Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and the plural is generally formed by adding -s to the singular. However, there are regular variation 'formulas': nouns ending in -eau or -eu usually add -x in the plural; nouns ending in -al often change -al to -aux. Memorising common endings helps you guess gender, e.g. -tion, -sion, -té are usually feminine.
名词要么是阳性要么是阴性，复数通常由单数加 -s 构成。但存在规律性的变形“公式”：以 -eau 或 -eu 结尾的名词复数通常加 -x；以 -al 结尾的名词常将 -al 变为 -aux。记住常见词尾有助于判断词性，例如 -tion、-sion、-té 结尾的词通常是阴性。
- General rule (一般规则): un cahier → des cahiers, une chaise → des chaises
- -eau/-eu ending (词尾 -eau/-eu): un château → des châteaux, un feu → des feux
- -al ending (词尾 -al): un journal → des journaux
- Feminine clues (阴性标志): la nation, la télévision, la liberté
3. Subject Pronouns | 主语代词
Subject pronouns are the 'starting blocks' of almost every conjugated sentence. The set to know for Year 9 includes je (I), tu (you, singular informal), il / elle / on (he / she / one or we informally), nous (we), vous (you, formal or plural), ils / elles (they, masculine / feminine). Note that 'on' is used very frequently for 'we' in spoken French.
主语代词是几乎所有变位句子的“起跑器”。九年级需要掌握的一套为：je（我）、tu（你，单数非正式）、il / elle / on（他 / 她 / 泛指“有人”或口语中的“我们”）、nous（我们）、vous（您/你们）、ils / elles（他们/它们/她们）。注意口语中 on 常当作“我们”使用。
- Je parle français. (I speak French.)
- Tu aimes le sport. (You like sport.)
- On va au cinéma. (We're going to the cinema.)
- Ils habitent à Paris. (They live in Paris.)
4. Regular -ER Verb Conjugation Formula | 规则 -ER 动词变位公式
About 80% of French verbs follow the -ER pattern. The formula is: take the infinitive stem (remove -er) and add the endings -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. This must be learned as a blocked pattern, just like a mathematical expression.
大约 80% 的法语动词遵循 -ER 模式。其“公式”为：取不定式词干（去掉 -er）后加词尾 -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。这套组合需要像数学表达式一样整体熟记。
parler (to speak) — stem: parl-
| je parle | tu parles | il/elle/on parle | nous parlons | vous parlez | ils/elles parlent |
Same pattern applies to aimer, regarder, écouter, habiter, jouer, etc.
同样的模式适用于 aimer、regarder、écouter、habiter、jouer 等动词。
5. Regular -IR and -RE Verb Formulas | 规则 -IR 与 -RE 动词变位公式
The second and third biggest regular families have their own sets of endings. For -IR verbs like finir, the present-tense stem is made by removing -ir, then adding -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. For -RE verbs like vendre, remove -re and add -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent (note the third-person singular has no ending).
第二和第三大规则动词家族拥有各自的词尾套件。对于 finir 这类 -IR 动词，现在时词干为去掉 -ir，再加 -is、-is、-it、-issons、-issez、-issent。对于 vendre 这类 -RE 动词，去掉 -re 后加 -s、-s、空、-ons、-ez、-ent（注意第三人称单数不加任何词尾）。
finir (to finish) — stem: fin-
je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent
vendre (to sell) — stem: vend-
je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent
6. Key Irregular Verbs: être, avoir, aller, faire | 关键不规则动词：être, avoir, aller, faire
These four verbs are the building blocks for many tenses and expressions. Their present-tense forms must be memorised exactly as they do not follow a single pattern. They serve as auxiliaries and appear in key phrases like 'j'ai faim' (I am hungry) or 'il fait beau' (the weather is nice).
这四个动词是许多时态和表达的基础构件，其现在时不遵循单一规律，必须准确记忆。它们充当助动词，并出现在诸如 j'ai faim（我饿了）、il fait beau（天气好）等关键短语中。
| Pronoun | être (to be) | avoir (to have) | aller (to go) | faire (to do/make) |
| je | suis | ai | vais | fais |
| tu | es | as | vas | fais |
| il/elle/on | est | a | va | fait |
| nous | sommes | avons | allons | faisons |
| vous | êtes | avez | allez | faites |
| ils/elles | sont | ont | vont | font |
7. The Present Tense and Its Uses | 现在时的用法
The French present tense (le présent) does more than describe what is happening right now. It expresses habitual actions, general truths and, in Year 9 contexts, often stands in for the near future when a time expression is given. The 'formula' is straightforward: choose the correct conjugation set and apply it to the stem.
法语现在时 (le présent) 不仅描述正在发生的事情，还表达习惯性动作、普遍事实；在九年级的语境中，若给出时间提示，现在时常可代替最近将来时使用。其“公式”简单明了：选对变位套件并套用到动词词干上。
- Je joue au foot tous les jours. (I play football every day. — habit)
- L'eau bout à 100 degrés. (Water boils at 100 degrees. — general truth)
- Demain, je vais chez le médecin. (Tomorrow I'm going to the doctor's. — near future idea with 'aller')
8. Negation: The ne...pas Sandwich | 否定结构：ne...pas “三明治”
The fundamental negation formula places the conjugated verb between 'ne' and 'pas'. If the verb begins with a vowel or silent h, 'ne' becomes 'n''. In compound tenses, the order is slightly different, but at Year 9 level mastering the present-tense sandwich is essential.
基本否定公式是将变位动词夹在 ne 和 pas 之间。如果动词以元音或哑音 h 开头，ne 需写成 n'。在复合时态中词序略有不同，但对九年级而言，掌握现在时的“三明治”结构至关重要。
- Je ne parle pas anglais. (I do not speak English.)
- Il n'aime pas les légumes. (He does not like vegetables.)
- Nous ne sommes pas fatigués. (We are not tired.)
Other negative expressions follow the same pattern: ne...jamais (never), ne...rien (nothing), ne...plus (no longer).
其他否定表达也遵循同一模式：ne...jamais（从不）、ne...rien（什么都没有）、ne...plus（不再）。
9. Forming Questions | 疑问句的构成
Year 9 French offers three main 'formulas' for forming a question. First, raising the voice at the end of a statement (informal). Second, using 'Est-ce que' + statement word order (neutral, very common). Third, inversion of subject and verb (formal). Mastering the Est-ce que formula gives you a reliable tool for any written or spoken task.
九年级法语中构成疑问句主要有三种“公式”。一是陈述句句末升调（非正式）；二是在陈述句语序前加 Est-ce que（中性，非常普遍）；三是主谓倒装（正式）。掌握 Est-ce que 这一公式能为任何书面或口语任务提供一个可靠的工具。
- Tu aimes le chocolat? (You like chocolate?)
- Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat? (Do you like chocolate?)
- Aimes-tu le chocolat? (formal) (Do you like chocolate?)
With question words (où, quand, comment, pourquoi, etc.), simply place them before the formula: Où est-ce que tu habites? (Where do you live?)
使用疑问词（où、quand、comment、pourquoi 等）时，只需将其放在公式前：Où est-ce que tu habites?（你住在哪里？）
10. Adjective Agreement and Position | 形容词的配合与位置
Adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. The general formula: feminine forms usually add -e, plurals add -s, and feminine plurals add -es. Most adjectives come after the noun, but a small group (BAGS: Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size) come before the noun, e.g., beau, jeune, bon, grand.
形容词需与所修饰的名词在性和数上配合。一般公式为：阴性形式通常加 -e，复数加 -s，阴性复数加 -es。大多数形容词置于名词之后，但有一小类（BAGS：Beauty 美丽、Age 年龄、Goodness 好坏、Size 大小）置于名词之前，如 beau、jeune、bon、grand。
- un livre intéressant (an interesting book, masc. sing.)
- une histoire intéressante (an interesting story, fem. sing.)
- des livres intéressants (masc. pl.)
- un beau jardin (a beautiful garden, before noun)
- une grande maison (a big house, before noun, fem. -e added)
11. The Partitive Article: Expressing 'Some' | 部分冠词：表达“一些”
To talk about an unspecified quantity of something (mass nouns), French uses the partitive article du (masc.), de la (fem.), de l' (before vowel), or des (plural but often considered partitive in context). The formula changes to de or d' after a negative. This is essential for food, drink and abstract concepts.
表述不确定的数量（不可数名词）时，法语使用部分冠词：du（阳性）、de la（阴性）、de l'（元音前）、des（复数，但常被视为部分冠词）。否定句后该冠词变为 de 或 d'。这在与食物、饮料及抽象概念相关时至关重要。
- Je mange du pain. (I eat some bread.)
- Elle boit de la limonade. (She drinks some lemonade.)
- Nous avons de l'argent. (We have some money.)
- Negative: Je ne mange pas de pain. (I don't eat any bread.)
12. The Near Future: aller + Infinitive | 最近将来时：aller + 不定式
The near future (le futur proche) is a high-frequency 'formula' used to talk about upcoming plans. It follows the pattern: conjugated present-tense aller + infinitive of the main verb. This is one of the simplest and most useful structures you can deploy in Year 9 spoken and written exams.
最近将来时 (le futur proche) 是一个高频“公式”，用于描述即将发生的计划。其模式为：aller 的现在时变位 + 主要动词的不定式。这是九年级口语和笔试中能够使用的最简单、最实用的结构之一。
- Je vais regarder un film. (I am going to watch a film.)
- On va visiter le musée. (We are going to visit the museum.)
- Ils vont acheter une glace. (They are going to buy an ice cream.)
This structure also reinforces the need to know the present tense of aller perfectly, making it a two-in-one revision point.
这一结构也强化了准确记忆 aller 现在时的必要性，可谓一举两得的复习要点。
Published by TutorHao | French Revision Series | aleveler.com
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