📚 Chinese Grammar Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | 中文语法公式定理速查手册
In the study of Chinese as a second language, mastering sentence patterns is just as essential as learning formulas in mathematics. For Year 9 Cambridge Chinese learners, having a clear, formulaic overview of key grammatical structures can dramatically speed up both comprehension and production. This quick reference handbook presents the most important sentence patterns and collocations as 'formulas' and 'theorems', each with its structural template, usage notes, and bilingual examples. Treat these patterns as your toolkit for accurate and fluent Chinese.
在中文作为第二语言的学习中，掌握句型结构与数学中学习公式同等重要。对 Year 9 剑桥中文学习者来说，拥有一份清晰、公式化的关键语法结构概览，能极大加快理解和表达的速度。这本速查手册将最重要的句型和固定搭配呈现为“公式”和“定理”，每条都包含结构模板、用法说明和双语例句。请把这些模式当作你准确、流利说中文的工具箱。
1. The '把' Construction Formula | “把”字句公式
The '把' sentence follows the formula: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Other Elements. This pattern is used to emphasize what happens to the object as a result of the action, often with a sense of disposal or change of state. The verb must be transitive and is usually followed by a complement or 了.
“把”字句遵循公式：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 其他成分。这个句型用于强调宾语因为动作而产生的结果，常带有处置或状态变化的意思。动词必须是及物动词，后面一般要带补语或“了”。
Example: Please put the book on the table.
例句：请把书放在桌子上。
Note: Do not use 把 if the verb has no result or disposal, e.g., 'I like apples' is not '我把苹果喜欢'.
注意：如果动词没有处置性或结果，不能使用“把”字句。比如“我喜欢苹果”不能说成“我把苹果喜欢”。
2. The '被' Construction Formula | “被”字句公式
The passive '被' sentence uses the formula: Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement/了. It expresses that the receiver is affected by the action, often with an adverse or neutral sense. The agent can be omitted if unknown or obvious.
“被”字句的公式为：受事者 + 被（+ 施事者）+ 动词 + 补语 / 了。它表示受事者受到动作的影响，多含有不如意或中性的意味。施事者如果未知或不言而喻，可以省略。
Example: The cake was eaten by my younger brother.
例句：蛋糕被弟弟吃完了。
In spoken Chinese, 叫 or 让 can sometimes replace 被, but 被 remains the most formal and standard choice.
在口语中，“叫”或“让”有时可替代“被”，但“被”仍然是最正式和标准的用法。
3. The '是……的' Emphasis Formula | “是……的”强调公式
This structure follows the template: Subject + 是 + Detail to emphasize + Verb + 的. It is used to highlight the time, place, manner, or agent of a past action. The emphasis falls on the word or phrase placed right after 是.
这个结构遵循模板：主语 + 是 + 要强调的信息 + 动词 + 的。它用于强调过去动作发生的时间、地点、方式或施事者。强调的重心落在“是”后面的词语上。
Example: I went to Beijing by train yesterday. (Emphasizing 'by train')
例句：我昨天是坐火车去北京的。（强调“坐火车”）
If the object is a person or place, the 的 often stays at the end; with other objects, 的 can appear right after the verb.
如果宾语是人或地点，“的”常留在句尾；其他宾语的话，“的”可放在动词之后宾语之前。
4. The '虽然……但是……' Concession Formula | “虽然……但是……”转折公式
This disjunctive pair means 'although... but...' and follows the strict order: 虽然 + Clause 1, 但是 + Clause 2. Clause 1 presents a fact or concession; Clause 2 expresses a contrasting result or situation. Note that in English we use only one conjunction, but in Chinese both are required together.
这对关联词意为“虽然……但是……”，严格遵循顺序：虽然 + 分句1，但是 + 分句2。分句1陈述一个事实或让步；分句2表达转折的结果或情况。注意英语中只用其中一个连词，但中文里两者必须配对使用。
Example: Although the exam was difficult, he still passed.
例句：虽然考试很难，但是他还是通过了。
Sometimes 可是 or 却 can replace 但是, but the structure remains the same.
有时“可是”或“却”可以替换“但是”，但结构保持不变。
5. The '因为……所以……' Cause-Effect Formula | “因为……所以……”因果公式
Use this pair to link cause and effect: 因为 + Cause, 所以 + Effect. The cause always comes first, directly after 因为, and the effect follows 所以. It is the most fundamental way to express reasoning in Chinese.
使用这对关联词连接原因与结果：因为 + 原因，所以 + 结果。原因总是在前面，紧接“因为”；结果跟在“所以”后面。这是中文中最基础的表示推理的方式。
Example: Because it rained, the match was cancelled.
例句：因为下雨了，所以比赛取消了。
In informal speech, one of the two can be omitted, but for written accuracy it is safer to keep both.
在口语中，有时可以省略其中一个，但为了书面准确性，最好两者都保留。
6. The '如果……就……' Conditional Formula | “如果……就……”条件公式
This pattern expresses 'if... then...': 如果 + Condition, 就 + Result. The condition clause sets up a hypothetical or real scenario; the result clause describes what will certainly happen under that condition. The word 就 cannot be replaced by 也 in this pattern.
这个句型表达“如果……就……”：如果 + 条件，就 + 结果。条件分句设定一个假设或真实的情境；结果分句描述在该条件下一定会发生的事。“就”在此句型中不能用“也”替换。
Example: If you have time, we will go shopping together.
例句：如果你有时间，我们就一起去买东西。
Sometimes 的话 can be added at the end of the condition clause for colloquial flavour: 如果下雨的话……
有时可在条件句末尾加上“的话”，显得更口语化：如果下雨的话……
7. The '不但……而且……' Progression Formula | “不但……而且……”递进公式
To express 'not only... but also...' use: 不但 + Quality/Clause A, 而且 + Quality/Clause B. It indicates that B is an addition or a further, often stronger, point following A. The two clauses should share the same subject.
要表示“不但……而且……”，使用：不但 + 性质 / 分句A，而且 + 性质 / 分句B。它表示B是在A基础上的补充或更进一步，往往程度更深。两个分句应共享同一个主语。
Example: He is not only smart but also very hardworking.
例句：他不但聪明，而且很努力。
Pay attention: if the subject appears before 不但, it covers both clauses; if it appears after 不但, then both clauses need their own subjects.
注意：如果主语出现在“不但”前面，则统管两个分句；如果主语出现在“不但”后面，则两个分句需各有主语。
8. The '越来越……' Gradual Change Theorem | “越来越……”渐变定理
This fixed expression means 'more and more...' and follows the simple formula: 越来越 + Adjective / Verb phrase. It describes a continuous, gradual change over time. There is no need to add 很 or degree adverbs before the adjective.
这个固定表达意为“越来越……”，简单公式为：越来越 + 形容词 / 动词短语。它描述随时间发生的持续渐进变化。形容词前不需要加“很”或程度副词。
Example: The weather is getting colder and colder.
例句：天气越来越冷了。
This pattern is often used with 了 at the end to indicate the change has already reached a new state.
这个句型常与句末的“了”连用，表示变化已经达到了新的状态。
9. The '除了……以外' Inclusion/Exclusion Rule | “除了……以外”包括排除规则
This versatile pattern means 'apart from...' and appears in two formulas. 除了 A 以外，还 / 也 B means 'in addition to A, also B' (inclusion). 除了 A 以外，都 B means 'except for A, all B' (exclusion). 以外 is often optional but adds clarity.
这个多用途形式意为“除了……以外”，有两种公式：除了 A 以外，还 / 也 B 表示“除A之外，还有B”（包括）；除了 A 以外，都 B 表示“除了A，其他的都B”（排除）。“以外”常常可以省略，但加上更清晰。
Inclusion example: Apart from English, I also study French.
包括例：除了英语以外，我还学法语。
Exclusion example: Apart from Xiao Wang, everyone went.
排除例：除了小王以外，大家都去了。
10. The '一……就……' Immediate Sequence Formula | “一……就……”紧接公式
This pattern links two actions or events where the second occurs immediately after the first: 一 + Action₁ + 就 + Action₂. It can be translated as 'as soon as... then...'. The two verbs can share the same subject or have different subjects.
这个句型连接两个动作或事件，表明后一个紧接着前一个发生：一 + 动作1 + 就 + 动作2。可译为“一……就……”。两个动词可以共享同一主语，也可以有不同的主语。
Example: As soon as I got home, it started to rain.
例句：我一回到家，就开始下雨了。
Note that 了 is often placed after the second verb or at the end to indicate completion.
注意“了”常放在第二个动词后或句尾，表示完成。
11. The '连……都/也……' Emphasis Theorem | “连……都/也……”强调定理
To emphasize that even the most unexpected element fits a pattern, use: 连 + Extreme Example + 都/也 + Comment. It is equivalent to 'even...' in English. 都 is more common in positive and neutral sentences; 也 tends to appear in negative contexts, but they are often interchangeable.
要强调连最意外的要素都符合某种情况，使用：连 + 极端例子 + 都/也 + 评论。相当于英语的“even...”。“都”更常用于肯定和中立句中；“也”多出现在否定语境，但两者常可互换。
Example: Even a child can answer this question.
例句：连小孩子都能回答这个问题。
The extreme example is placed right after 连, and it is typically a noun or a minimal unit.
极端例子紧接在“连”的后面，通常是名词或最小单位。
12. The Verb + 得 + Complement Degree Formula | 动词 + 得 + 补语程度公式
To describe the degree or result of an action, use the formula: Verb + 得 + Descriptive Complement. The complement can be an adjective, a verb phrase, or even a clause, and it answers the question 'how?'. This is a core structure for expressing ability and manner.
要描述动作的程度或结果，运用公式：动词 + 得 + 描述性补语。补语可以是形容词、动词短语甚至小句，回答“怎么样”的问题。这是表达能力和方式的核心结构。
Example: He runs very fast.
例句：他跑得很快。
When there is an object, the verb must be repeated or the object placed before the verb: 他说中文说得很好 or 他中文说得很好.
当有宾语时，动词需要重复，或者将宾语提前：他说中文说得很好 / 他中文说得很好。
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