📚 Year 9 WJEC Psychology: Glossary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Learning psychology feels like mastering a new language. Every study, theory, and process has its own specialist term. This quick revision guide breaks down the key terms from the WJEC Year 9 psychology course into bite-sized English and Chinese pairs. Use it to test yourself, create flashcards, and build confidence for class discussions and assessments.
学习心理学就像掌握一门新语言。每项研究、理论和过程都有其专门术语。本快速复习指南将 WJEC 九年级心理学课程中的关键术语分解为中英对照的简短配对。你可以用它自测、制作闪卡，并在课堂讨论和评估中建立信心。
1. Research Basics | 研究基础
Experiment: A controlled procedure where a researcher manipulates one factor to observe its effect on another, while keeping other variables constant.
实验：一种受控程序，研究者操纵一个因素来观察它对另一个因素的影响，同时保持其他变量不变。
Independent variable (IV): The factor that the experimenter deliberately changes or manipulates.
自变量 (IV)：实验者有意改变或操纵的因素。
Dependent variable (DV): The factor that is measured to see if it changes as a result of the IV.
因变量 (DV)：被测量的因素，以检查它是否因自变量的变化而改变。
Extraneous variable: Any variable other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled.
外来变量：除自变量外可能影响因变量的任何变量，若不加以控制。
Confounding variable: An extraneous variable that changes systematically with the IV, making it difficult to determine the true cause of an effect.
混淆变量：一种随自变量系统性变化的外来变量，使得难以确定效应的真正原因。
Standardised procedure: A set of instructions and conditions that are kept identical for all participants to ensure fairness.
标准化程序：一套对所有参与者保持相同的指令和条件，以确保公平。
2. Hypotheses & Aims | 假设与目标
Aim: A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate.
目标：研究者打算研究什么的一般性陈述。
Hypothesis: A precise, testable prediction about the expected outcome of a study.
假设：关于研究预期结果的一个精确、可检验的预测。
Directional hypothesis (one-tailed): Predicts the specific direction of the outcome, e.g., 'Participants who sleep more will score higher on a memory test.'
方向性假设（单尾）：预测结果的具体方向，例如“睡眠更多的参与者在记忆测试中得分更高”。
Non-directional hypothesis (two-tailed): Simply states there will be a difference or relationship, without predicting the direction, e.g., 'There will be a difference in memory scores between participants who sleep more and those who sleep less.'
非方向性假设（双尾）：仅陈述存在差异或关系，而不预测方向，例如“睡眠更多的参与者与睡眠更少的参与者在记忆分数上存在差异”。
Null hypothesis: States that there is no difference or relationship between variables; any observed effect is due to chance.
零假设：陈述变量之间没有差异或关系；任何观察到的效应都是由于偶然造成的。
3. Sampling Methods | 取样方法
Population: The entire group of people a researcher is interested in studying.
总体：研究者感兴趣研究的整个人群。
Sample: A smaller subset of the population that takes part in the research.
样本：参与研究的总体中一个较小的子集。
Opportunity sampling: Selecting participants who are readily available and willing, e.g., people walking past in the corridor.
便利取样：选择那些容易接触到并愿意参与的人，例如在走廊经过的人。
Random sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen, often using a random name generator.
随机取样：目标总体中的每个成员有均等的机会被选中，常使用随机名称生成器。
Stratified sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) based on characteristics like age or gender, then randomly selecting participants from each subgroup in proportion to their occurrence in the population.
分层取样：根据年龄或性别等特征将总体划分为亚组（层），然后按各层在总体中的比例从每个亚组中随机抽取参与者。
Volunteer (self-selected) sampling: Participants choose to take part after seeing an advertisement or notice.
志愿者（自选）取样：参与者在看到广告或通告后选择参加。
4. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
Independent groups design: Different participants are allocated to each level of the IV so each person experiences only one condition.
独立组设计：不同的参与者被分配到自变量的各个水平，因此每人只经历一种实验条件。
Repeated measures design: The same participants take part in all conditions of the experiment.
重复测量设计：相同的参与者参与实验的所有条件。
Matched pairs design: Participants are first matched on key characteristics (e.g., IQ, age), then one member of each pair is assigned to Condition A and the other to Condition B.
配对组设计：首先根据关键特征（如智商、年龄）对参与者进行配对，然后每对中的一人被分配至条件 A，另一人至条件 B。
Order effects: In repeated measures, the order in which conditions are completed can influence performance (e.g., practice, boredom).
顺序效应：在重复测量中，完成条件的顺序可能影响表现（例如练习效应、厌倦）。
Counterbalancing: A way to control order effects by having half the participants do Condition A first and the other half do Condition B first.
平衡法：一种控制顺序效应的方式，让一半参与者先完成条件 A，另一半先完成条件 B。
5. Research Methods | 研究方法
Laboratory experiment: An experiment conducted in a highly controlled, artificial environment where the IV is manipulated.
实验室实验：在高度受控的人工环境中进行的实验，其中操纵自变量。
Field experiment: The IV is manipulated in a natural, real-world setting; participants often do not know they are in a study.
现场实验：在自然的现实生活环境中操纵自变量；参与者通常不知道自己在参与研究。
Questionnaire: A set of written questions used to collect self-report data; can include open or closed questions.
问卷：用于收集自陈数据的一组书面问题；可包括开放式或封闭式问题。
Interview: A researcher asks questions face-to-face or over the phone; can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured.
访谈：研究者面对面或通过电话提问；可以是结构化、非结构化或半结构化。
Naturalistic observation: Watching and recording behaviour in the environment where it normally occurs, without interference.
自然观察：在行为自然发生的环境中进行观察和记录，不加干扰。
Case study: An in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event, often using multiple sources of information.
案例研究：对单一个体、群体或事件进行深入调查，通常使用多种信息来源。
Correlation: A statistical technique that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two co-variables; it does not show cause and effect.
相关：一种统计技术，衡量两个共变量之间关系的强度和方向；它不显示因果关系。
6. Reliability & Validity | 信度与效度
Reliability: The consistency of a measure; if the study is repeated, similar results should be found.
信度：测量的一致性；如果重复研究，应得到相似的结果。
Internal reliability: How consistently items within a test measure the same construct (e.g., split-half method).
内部信度：一个测试内的题目测量同一构念的一致性程度（例如分半法）。
External reliability: The extent to which a measure produces stable results across different occasions (test-retest).
外部信度：测量在不同时间产生稳定结果的程度（重测信度）。
Validity: The accuracy of a measure; whether it measures what it claims to measure.
效度：测量的准确性；它是否测量了它声称要测量的内容。
Internal validity: Whether the results are genuinely due to the manipulation of the IV and not some other factor.
内部效度：结果是否真正源于对自变量的操纵，而非其他因素。
Ecological validity: The extent to which findings can be generalised to real-life settings and everyday behaviour.
生态效度：研究结果可以推广到真实生活环境和日常行为的程度。
Population validity: Whether the results from a sample can be generalised to the wider target population.
总体效度：样本结果能否推广到更广泛目标总体的程度。
7. Ethical Guidelines | 伦理准则
Informed consent: Participants must be given clear information about the nature of the study and agree to take part without pressure.
知情同意：必须向参与者提供关于研究性质的明确信息，并在无压力情况下同意参与。
Right to withdraw: Participants must be told they can leave the study at any time without penalty, and their data will be removed.
中止权：必须告知参与者可以随时退出研究而不受惩罚，其数据将被删除。
Confidentiality: Personal information and data must be kept private and not shared without permission; results are reported anonymously.
保密：个人信息和数据必须保密，未经许可不得共享；结果以匿名方式报告。
Protection from harm: Participants should not experience physical or psychological distress beyond what they would encounter in daily life.
免于伤害的保护：参与者不应经历超出日常生活可能遇到的身体或心理困扰。
Deception: Deliberately misleading participants; should be avoided unless essential, and in such cases a full debrief must follow.
欺骗：故意误导参与者；应避免使用，除非必要，且事后必须进行充分的事后解释。
Debrief: After the study, participants are fully informed about its aims, any deception used, and given the opportunity to ask questions.
事后解释：研究结束后，参与者被充分告知研究的目的、使用的任何欺骗，并给予提问的机会。
8. Memory Key Terms | 记忆关键术语
Encoding: Changing sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory.
编码：将感觉输入转变为可存入记忆的形式。
Storage: Holding information in the memory system over time.
储存：随时间在记忆系统中保持信息。
Retrieval: Accessing stored information when it is needed.
提取：在需要时获取已储存的信息。
Short-term memory (STM): A temporary store with limited capacity (about 7±2 items) and short duration (around 18–30 seconds).
短时记忆：容量有限（约7±2个项目）且持续时间短（约18–30秒）的临时储存。
Long-term memory (LTM): A permanent store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration.
长时记忆：容量和持续时间可能无限的永久储存。
Displacement: Forgetting from STM because new information pushes out older items.
排挤：由于新信息挤出了旧项目而导致从短时记忆中遗忘。
Interference: Forgetting in LTM when one piece of information disrupts the recall of another (proactive or retroactive).
干扰：长时记忆中由于一条信息干扰另一条信息的回忆而导致的遗忘（前摄或倒摄干扰）。
Context-dependent memory: Recall is improved when the external environment at retrieval matches the environment at encoding.
情境依赖性记忆：当提取时的外部环境与编码时的环境一致时，回忆效果提高。
9. Attachment Key Terms | 依恋关键术语
Attachment: A strong emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver that develops over time.
依恋：婴儿与其主要看护者之间逐渐形成的强烈情感纽带。
Caregiver-infant interaction: The reciprocal behaviours between infant and caregiver, such as touching, smiling, and vocalising.
看护者–婴儿互动：婴儿与看护者之间的互惠行为，如触摸、微笑和发声。
Stranger anxiety: A sign of attachment where an infant shows distress when approached by an unfamiliar person.
陌生人焦虑：依恋的一种表现，当陌生人接近时婴儿表现出苦恼。
Separation anxiety: Distress shown by an infant when separated from their primary attachment figure.
分离焦虑：婴儿与主要依恋对象分离时表现出的苦恼。
Secure attachment: A bond where the infant uses the caregiver as a safe base; shows moderate distress on separation and is easily comforted on reunion.
安全型依恋：婴儿将看护者作为安全基地的纽带；分离时表现出中度苦恼，重聚时容易被安慰。
Insecure-avoidant attachment: The infant shows little distress upon separation and avoids contact with the caregiver upon return.
不安全–回避型依恋：婴儿在分离时表现出很少苦恼，并在看护者返回时回避接触。
Insecure-resistant attachment: The infant is very distressed upon separation and shows a mix of seeking and rejecting contact upon reunion.
不安全–抗拒型依恋：婴儿在分离时非常苦恼，重聚时表现出既寻求又拒绝接触的混合行为。
10. Social Influence Terms | 社会影响术语
Conformity: Adjusting one's behaviour or beliefs to match those of a group, often due to real or imagined social pressure.
从众：调整自己的行为或信念以符合群体，通常由于真实或想象的社会压力。
Normative social influence: Conforming to be liked and accepted by the group, driven by a desire for social approval.
规范性社会影响：为了被群体喜欢和接受而从众，受寻求社会认可的欲望驱动。
Informational social influence: Conforming because you believe the group has the correct knowledge, especially in ambiguous situations.
信息性社会影响：因为相信群体拥有正确知识而从众，尤其是在模糊情境中。
Obedience: Following a direct order or command from an authority figure.
服从：遵从权威人物发出的直接指令。
Majority influence: When a larger group influences the behaviour or opinions of a smaller group or individual.
多数人影响：当较大的群体影响较小群体或个人的行为或观点。
Minority influence: When a small but consistent group influences the attitudes and behaviour of the majority.
少数人影响：当一个规模小但坚持一致的群体影响多数的态度和行为。
11. Basic Brain & Neuropsychology Terms | 基础脑与神经心理学术语
Central nervous system (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and coordinating information.
中枢神经系统 (CNS)：由脑和脊髓组成；负责处理和协调信息。
Neuron: A nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the nervous system.
神经元：一种在整个神经系统中传递电信号和化学信号的神经细胞。
Synapse: The tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of the next, across which neurotransmitters travel.
突触：一个神经元轴突末梢与下一个神经元树突之间的微小间隙，神经递质通过其间传递。
Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger released from a neuron that carries signals to neighbouring neurons.
神经递质：从神经元释放的化学信使，将信号传递至邻近神经元。
Frontal lobe: Located at the front of the brain; involved in higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, planning, and personality.
额叶：位于大脑前部；涉及决策、计划和人格等高级认知功能。
Temporal lobe: Situated on the sides of the brain; plays a key role in hearing, language comprehension, and memory.
颞叶：位于大脑两侧；在听觉、语言理解和记忆中发挥关键作用。
Occipital lobe: Found at the back of the brain; dedicated mainly to visual processing.
枕叶：位于大脑后部；主要专用于视觉处理。
Parietal lobe: Positioned behind the frontal lobe; integrates sensory information and is important for spatial awareness and touch.
顶叶：位于额叶之后；整合感觉信息，对空间知觉和触觉很重要。
12. Psychological Problems Key Terms | 心理问题关键术语
Mental health: A state of emotional, psychological, and social well-being where an individual can cope with the normal stresses of life.
心理健康：一种情感、心理和社会适应良好的状态，个体能够应对生活中的正常压力。
Depression: A mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest, and reduced energy levels.
抑郁症：一种以持续性情绪低落、兴趣丧失和精力减退为特征的心境障碍。
Addiction: A compulsive need to engage in an activity or take a substance despite harmful consequences.
成瘾：尽管有有害后果，仍强迫性地需要从事某种活动或使用某种物质。
Stigma: Negative stereotypes and discrimination directed towards individuals with mental health problems.
污名化：指向有心理健康问题者的负面刻板印象和歧视。
Genetic predisposition: An inherited tendency that makes a person more likely to develop a certain condition, though environment also plays a role.
遗传易感性：一种使人更可能发展出某种状况的遗传倾向，但环境也起作用。
Cognitive distortion: An exaggerated or irrational thought pattern that can contribute to psychological problems, such as overgeneralisation or catastrophising.
认知扭曲：一种夸大的或非理性的思维模式，可能导致心理问题，如以偏概全或灾难化。
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