📚 Year 9 Cambridge Business: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 9 剑桥商务：词汇术语速记指南
This guide provides a rapid, bilingual system for memorising essential business terms covered in Year 9 Cambridge Business Studies. By linking English definitions directly with Chinese explanations, you can build a strong conceptual foundation while mastering the exact wording required for exams. Use the memory tips embedded in each pairing to accelerate recall.
这份双语速记指南将 Year 9 剑桥商务的核心术语进行配对解析，帮助你在英文定义与中文释义之间建立直接联系。每个词条都包含记忆线索，让你在掌握专业词汇的同时，也能准确理解考试中需要回答的概念。
1. Business Activity and Enterprise | 商业活动与企业家精神
Needs and wants: Needs are essentials for survival (water, shelter), while wants are non‑essential desires (entertainment, luxury items). Tip: 'Need to live, want to have.'
需求与欲望：需求是生存必需品（水、住所），欲望是非必需的渴求（娱乐、奢侈品）。记忆：需求关乎活命，欲望关乎享受。
Goods and services: Goods are tangible, physical products (cars, food); services are intangible actions provided by others (haircuts, education).
商品与服务：商品是有形的实物产品（汽车、食品）；服务是无形的他人提供的行动（理发、教育）。
Scarcity: Unlimited wants combined with limited resources force choices; scarcity is the basic economic problem. Remember: 'SCarce resources SCream for choices.'
稀缺性：无限的欲望与有限的资源迫使人们做出选择；稀缺性是基本的经济问题。记忆：稀缺→稀缺的资源尖叫着要求选择。
Opportunity cost: The next best alternative given up when a choice is made. If you spend time studying instead of working, the forgone wages are the opportunity cost.
机会成本：做出选择时所放弃的次优替代品。如果用学习的时间代替打工，放弃的工资就是机会成本。
Factors of production: Land (natural resources), labour (workforce), capital (machinery, buildings) and enterprise (the ability to combine them). Entrepreneurs take risks to organise these factors.
生产要素：土地（自然资源）、劳动（劳动力）、资本（机器、厂房）和企业才能（组织能力）。企业家承担风险把这些要素组合在一起。
2. Types of Business Organisation | 企业组织类型
Sole trader: A business owned and run by one person who takes all profits but has unlimited liability for debts. Easy to set up but risky for personal assets.
个体经营者：由一人拥有并经营的企业，独享利润但对债务承担无限责任。设立简单，但个人资产风险高。
Partnership: Two or more owners share capital, profits and responsibilities. A deed of partnership is advised. Most partners have unlimited liability unless a limited liability partnership is formed.
合伙制：两个或以上所有者共同出资、分享利润、分担责任。建议签订合伙协议。除非成立有限责任合伙，大多数合伙人承担无限责任。
Private limited company (Ltd): Shares are sold privately, not on the stock exchange. Owners (shareholders) enjoy limited liability – they can only lose the money they invested.
私人有限公司 (Ltd)：股份不公开上市，私下转让。股东享有有限责任，最多损失其投资额。
Public limited company (Plc): Can sell shares to the public on the stock exchange. Must publish accounts. Shareholders have limited liability, but the company can be taken over.
公众有限公司 (Plc)：可在证券交易所向公众发行股票，必须公开账目。股东承担有限责任，但公司可能被收购。
Franchise: A business model where a franchisee pays for the right to use an established brand and system owned by the franchisor. Less risk, but fees and rules apply.
特许经营：加盟商支付费用以获得授权使用特许人已有的品牌和经营体系。风险较低，但需遵守规则并支付费用。
3. Business Objectives and Stakeholders | 商业目标与利益相关者
Profit maximisation: The objective of making as much profit as possible, often by increasing revenue or cutting costs. Key for most private sector businesses.
利润最大化：通过增加收入或削减成本实现尽可能高的利润。大多数私营企业的核心目标。
Market share: The percentage of total sales in a market held by one business. Growing market share indicates stronger competitiveness.
市场份额：一家企业销售额占市场总销售额的百分比。市场份额增长表明竞争力增强。
Social enterprise: A business that aims to benefit society or the environment, reinvesting most of its profits. Examples include cooperatives and charities that trade.
社会企业：旨在造福社会或环境的企业，大部分利润再投资。例如贸易型慈善机构和合作社。
Internal stakeholders: Owners, managers and employees who work inside the business and are directly affected by its decisions.
内部利益相关者：在企业内部工作的所有者、管理者及员工，直接受企业决策影响。
External stakeholders: Groups outside the business – customers, suppliers, government, local community – who have an interest in the business's activities.
外部利益相关者：企业外部的群体——顾客、供应商、政府、社区——对企业的活动有关注和影响。
4. Marketing Basics | 市场营销基础
Market: Any place or mechanism where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services. Can be physical or digital.
市场：买卖双方交换商品和服务的任何场所或机制，可以是实体或数字形式。
Customer vs. consumer: The customer buys the product; the consumer actually uses it. A parent buying cereal is the customer, the child eating it is the consumer.
顾客与消费者：顾客购买产品，消费者实际使用产品。买麦片的家长是顾客，吃麦片的孩子是消费者。
Niche market: A small, specific segment of a larger market. Products are tailored, competition is lower, but growth potential may be limited.
利基市场：较大市场中的一个细分小市场，产品针对性强、竞争较小，但增长潜力可能受限。
Mass market: Products aimed at a broad range of consumers. High sales volume, heavy competition, and economies of scale are typical.
大众市场：面向广泛消费者的产品，销量大、竞争激烈，通常能实现规模经济。
Market segmentation: Dividing a market into groups based on age, income, geography or lifestyle in order to target them more effectively.
市场细分：根据年龄、收入、地理位置或生活方式将市场划分为不同群体，以便更精准地营销。
5. Market Research | 市场调研
Primary research (field research): First‑hand data collected directly from the market, e.g. surveys, interviews, observations. Specific and up‑to‑date, but expensive and time‑consuming.
一手调研（实地调研）：直接从市场收集的第一手数据，如问卷、访谈、观察。针对性强、时效性好，但成本高、耗时长。
Secondary research (desk research): Using already published data, such as reports, government statistics, internet sources. Quick and cheap, but may be outdated or not specific enough.
二手调研（案头调研）：使用已公布的数据，如报告、政府统计、网络来源。快速便宜，但可能过时或不够具体。
Quantitative data: Numerical information that can be measured and analysed statistically, e.g. sales figures, percentages, ratings.
定量数据：可测量和统计分析的数值信息，如销售数字、百分比、评分。
Qualitative data: Descriptive, non‑numerical information that explains opinions, feelings and motivations, e.g. customer comments, focus group discussions.
定性数据：描述性的非数值信息，解释观点、感受和动机，如顾客评论、焦点小组讨论。
Sample: A representative subgroup of the target population selected for research. A random sample gives everyone an equal chance; a quota sample picks set numbers from segments.
样本：从目标总体中选出的代表性子群体。随机抽样人人机会均等；配额抽样按细分群组设定数量。
6. The Marketing Mix (4Ps) | 市场营销组合（4Ps）
Product lifecycle: Stages from introduction, growth, maturity to decline. Extension strategies (new variants, re‑branding) can prolong the maturity stage.
产品生命周期：经历导入、成长、成熟到衰退的阶段。延伸策略（推出新口味、换标）可延长成熟期。
Branding: Creating a distinctive name, logo or image that builds customer loyalty and differentiates the product from rivals.
品牌化：打造独特名称、标识或形象，建立顾客忠诚度并使产品区别于竞争对手。
Price skimming: Setting a high initial price for a new, innovative product to recover development costs quickly, then lowering the price over time.
撇脂定价：为创新产品设定高初始价格，快速收回研发成本，随后逐步降价。
Penetration pricing: Launching at a low price to attract many customers quickly and gain market share. Often used with mass‑market products.
渗透定价：以低价推出产品迅速吸引大量顾客并抢占市场份额，常用于大众市场产品。
Distribution channels o consumer. Can be direct (producer → consumer) or indirect via retailers and wholesalers.
分销渠道：产品从生产者到消费者所经过的路径。可以是直接（生产→消费）或经由零售商、批发商的间接渠道。
7. Operations Management | 运营管理
Job production: Making one‑off, customised products (e.g. a wedding dress, a bridge). High quality and flexibility, but high labour costs.
单件生产：制作一次性的定制产品（如婚纱、桥梁）。质量高、灵活性强，但人工成本高。
Batch production: Producing a group of identical items together; when one batch is finished, production switches to another (e.g. bakery batches). Some variety, moderate costs.
批量生产：同时生产一组相同产品，一批完成后切换另一批（如面包烘焙）。有一定品种多样性，成本适中。
Flow production: Continuous production of standardised goods on an assembly line (e.g. cans of drink, cars). Very efficient, low unit costs, but inflexible and needs high capital.
流水线生产：在装配线上连续生产标准化产品（如罐装饮料、汽车）。效率极高、单位成本低，但灵活性差且需大量资本。
Lean production: Techniques to reduce waste and improve efficiency, such as just‑in‑time (JIT) inventory control and kaizen (continuous improvement).
精益生产：减少浪费、提高效率的技术，如准时制 (JIT) 库存管理和持续改善 (kaizen)。
Quality control: Checking products at the end of the production process to ensure they meet standards. Defective items are rejected or reworked.
质量控制：在生产流程结束时检查产品是否符合标准，不合格品被拒收或返工。
8. Financial Terms | 财务术语
Fixed costs: Costs that do not change with output, e.g. rent, salaries, insurance. Also called overheads.
固定成本：不随产量变动的成本，如租金、管理层薪水、保险。也称间接成本。
Variable costs: Costs that vary directly with the level of production, e.g. raw materials, packaging, piece‑rate wages.
可变成本：直接随产量变化的成本，如原材料、包装、计件工资。
Total costs: Fixed costs + variable costs. Used to calculate profit: Profit = Revenue – Total costs.
总成本：固定成本 + 可变成本。用于计算利润：利润 = 收入 – 总成本。
Break‑even point ts, so the business makes neither profit nor loss. = Fixed costs ÷ (selling price per unit – variable cost per unit).
盈亏平衡点：总收入等于总成本时的产量，企业既不盈利也不亏损。= 固定成本 ÷ (单价 – 单位可变成本)。
Cash flow: The movement of money into (inflows) and out of (outflows) a business. A cash flow forecast predicts future liquidity. Cash is not the same as profit.
现金流：资金流入与流出企业的运动。现金流预测用于预估未来流动性。现金不等于利润。
9. Human Resources | 人力资源
Internal recruitment: Filling a vacancy with someone already in the business. Motivating and cheaper, but limits fresh ideas.
内部招聘：用企业内部现有人员填补职位空缺。有激励作用且成本低，但缺乏新思维。
External recruitment: Hiring candidates from outside the business, e.g. through job adverts, agencies. Brings in new skills but can be expensive and slower.
外部招聘：从企业外部招聘人才，通过广告、中介等。可引入新技能，但成本高、耗时较长。
Induction training: Initial training when an employee starts a job, covering safety, procedures and company culture. Reduces early mistakes and anxiety.
入职培训：员工入职时的初始培训，包括安全、流程与企业文化。减少初期错误与焦虑。
On‑the‑job training: Learning while doing the actual work, often with a mentor. Cheap and directly relevant, but may learn bad habits.
在岗培训：在实际工作中学习，通常有导师指导。成本低、相关性强，但可能学会不良习惯。
Remuneration: All forms of payment to employees. Can be time‑based (wages/salary), piece‑rate, commission, bonus, or fringe benefits (company car, healthcare).
薪酬：支付给员工的所有报酬形式。可以是计时工资、计件工资、佣金、奖金或附加福利（公司车、医疗保险）。
Span of control: The number of subordinates directly managed by a manager. A wide span means fewer layers; a narrow span allows closer supervision.
管理幅度：一名管理者直接管理的下属数量。幅度宽意味着组织层级少；幅度窄便于密切监督。
10. External Influences on Business | 外部影响
Interest rate: The cost of borrowing or the reward for saving. Higher rates increase loan repayments, reducing consumer spending and business investment.
利率：借款的成本或储蓄的回报。利率上升增加还贷成本，抑制消费支出和企业投资。
Exchange rate: The value of one currency in terms of another. A weaker domestic currency makes exports cheaper and imports dearer; a stronger currency has the opposite effect.
汇率：一种货币兑换另一种货币的价值。本币贬值使出口便宜、进口昂贵；升值则相反。
Inflation: A sustained rise in the general price level. Businesses face higher costs and may raise prices, but consumers' purchasing power falls.
通货膨胀：物价总水平持续上升。企业成本上升，可能提高售价，而消费者购买力下降。
Sustainability: Operating in a way that meets present needs without harming future generations' ability to meet theirs. Involves reducing pollution, using renewables, ethical sourcing.
可持续性：在满足当代需求的同时不损害后代满足其需求的能力的经营方式，包括减少污染、使用可再生能源、道德采购。
Ethical trade: Ensuring suppliers meet minimum standards for pay, working conditions and human rights. Fairtrade certification is one example, often supporting producers in developing countries.
道德贸易：确保供应商满足薪酬、工作条件和人权的最低标准。公平贸易认证是一例，常支持发展中国家生产者。
Published by TutorHao | Business Studies Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图