📚 Year 9 WJEC Science: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 9 WJEC 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to this focused guide designed to help Year 9 students master the essential scientific terminology for the WJEC curriculum. Science is packed with specialised words, and building a strong vocabulary is the key to understanding concepts and scoring marks in exams. In each section, you will find key terms paired with simple memory aids, mnemonics and clear explanations that turn tricky words into easy-to-recall ideas.
欢迎来到这份专为 Year 9 学生编写的 WJEC 科学词汇速记指南。科学学科充满了专业术语，建立扎实的词汇基础是理解概念并在考试中取得高分的关键。在每一小节中，你都会找到关键术语，并配以简单的记忆技巧、助记符和清晰的解释，让难记的词汇变得容易回想。
1. Cells and Life Processes | 细胞与生命过程
All living organisms are made of cells. The key parts of animal and plant cells have specific names and functions. Here are the essentials to memorise, along with mnemonics that draw on word origins and imagery.
所有生物都由细胞构成。动物细胞和植物细胞的关键结构有各自的名称和功能。以下是需要牢记的重点，配以利用词源和画面联想的记忆法。
Nucleus – The control centre of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA). Think of 'nucleus' as the 'core' or 'kernel' that directs everything, much like a principal’s office.
细胞核 – 细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA）。可将 'nucleus' 联想为“核心”，如同校长办公室指挥全校。
Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen. 'Cyto-' means cell, and 'plasm' means fluid, so it is literally 'cell fluid'.
细胞质 – 进行大多数化学反应的胶状物质。'Cyto-' 意为细胞，'plasm' 意为液体，它就是“细胞液”。
Cell membrane – The selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell. Picture it as a smart border gate.
细胞膜 – 控制物质进出细胞的选择性渗透屏障，可想象成一道智能边检闸门。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) – The organelles where aerobic respiration releases energy. 'Mighty mito' reminds you they are the cell's power stations.
线粒体 – 进行有氧呼吸释放能量的细胞器。'Mito' 谐音“麦透”，联想到燃烧麦粒产生能量，正如细胞的发电厂。
Chloroplast – Found in plant cells, containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis. 'Chloro-' means green, and 'plast' means formed body; it is the green solar panel.
叶绿体 – 存在于植物细胞中，含有叶绿素用于光合作用。'Chloro-' 意为绿色，'plast' 意为成形体，可记作“绿色太阳能板”。
Vacuole – A storage sac for water and nutrients, much larger in plant cells. Think 'vacuum' for holding liquid, keeping the cell firm.
液泡 – 储存水分和营养的囊泡，在植物细胞中较大。联想 'vacuum'（真空）虽空，但液泡是装液体的仓库，使细胞坚挺。
Cell wall – A rigid outer layer made of cellulose that supports plant cells. Simply remember 'wall' gives shape and strength.
细胞壁 – 由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，支撑植物细胞。记法：“墙壁”提供形状和强度。
Use the famous acronym MRS GREN to recall the seven life processes: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.
用经典首字母缩略词 MRS GREN 记住七个生命过程：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、生殖、排泄、营养。
2. Human Body Systems | 人体系统
Digestion and absorption involve a series of specialised terms. Knowing the enzymes and structures will help you explain how food is broken down.
消化和吸收涉及一系列专业术语。了解酶和结构有助于解释食物如何被分解。
Enzyme – A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions without being used up. The suffix '-ase' tells you it is an enzyme. Think 'en-' (in) + 'zyme' (leaven) that makes reactions rise quickly.
酶 – 一种生物催化剂，能加速反应而自身不被消耗。后缀 '-ase' 表示酶。可联想“酶”如酵母让反应快速发酵。
Amylase – Enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars. 'Amyl-' relates to starch. It is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas.
淀粉酶 – 将淀粉分解为糖的酶。'Amyl-' 与淀粉相关。它由唾液腺和胰腺分泌。
Protease – Enzyme that digests proteins into amino acids. The root 'prote-' points to protein.
蛋白酶 – 将蛋白质消化为氨基酸的酶。词根 'prote-' 指向蛋白质。
Lipase – Enzyme that breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol. 'Lip-' means fat.
脂肪酶 – 将脂质（脂肪）分解为脂肪酸和甘油的酶。'Lip-' 意为脂肪。
Villi – Finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption. Imagine millions of tiny fingers grabbing nutrients.
绒毛 – 小肠内壁的指状突起，增大吸收表面积。想象无数微小手指抓取养分。
3. Ecosystems and Food Relationships | 生态系统与食物关系
Ecology vocabulary describes feeding roles and energy flow. The direction of arrows in food chains often confuses learners, so a simple visual rule is useful.
生态学词汇描述食性角色和能量流动。食物链中箭头的方向常让学生困惑，因此一个简单的视觉规则很有帮助。
Producer – An organism that makes its own food by photosynthesis (e.g. green plants). They produce the energy base of the ecosystem.
生产者 – 通过光合作用制造自身食物的生物（如绿色植物）。它们生产能量基础。
Consumer – An organism that eats other organisms. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
消费者 – 以其他生物为食的生物。初级消费者吃生产者，二级消费者吃初级消费者。
Herbivore – An animal that eats only plants. 'Herbi-' means plant, '-vore' means eater.
食草动物 – 仅以植物为食的动物。'Herbi-' 意为植物，'-vore' 意为食者。
Carnivore – A meat-eating animal. 'Carni-' comes from caro, meaning flesh.
食肉动物 – 以肉为食的动物。'Carni-' 源自拉丁语“肉”。
Omnivore – An organism that eats both plants and animals. 'Omni-' means all.
杂食动物 – 既吃植物也吃动物的生物。'Omni-' 意为全部。
Decomposer – Microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that break down dead material, recycling nutrients. They are nature’s clean-up crew.
分解者 – 分解死亡物质的微生物（细菌和真菌），循环养分。它们是大自然的清洁工。
In a food chain, the arrow always points in the direction of energy transfer – from the eaten to the eater. Memory trick: 'The arrow points to the hungry animal'.
在食物链中，箭头始终指向能量传递的方向——从被吃者指向吃者。记忆窍门：“箭头指向饥饿的动物”。
4. States of Matter and Particle Theory | 物质状态与粒子理论
The particle model explains the behaviour of solids, liquids and gases. Learning the arrangement and movement for each state is crucial. A comparison table helps fix the differences.
粒子模型解释了固体、液体和气体的行为。掌握每种状态的粒子排列与运动至关重要。对比表格有助于牢记差异。
| State | Particle Arrangement 粒子排列 | Movement 运动 | Intermolecular Forces 分子间力 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solid | Tightly packed, fixed positions 紧密排列，固定位置 | Vibrate in place 原地振动 | Very strong |
| Liquid | Close together, not fixed 紧密但不固定 | Slide past each other 相互滑动 | Moderate |
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