📚 Year 9 CIE PE: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | Year 9 CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-reference terminology guide for Year 9 CIE Physical Education. Mastering the key words and definitions used in anatomy, physiology, training, skill acquisition and injury prevention will boost your confidence and help you answer exam questions with precision. This guide pairs every essential term with a simple English explanation followed by a Chinese translation, so you can learn, revise and self-test efficiently.
欢迎使用 Year 9 CIE 体育词汇速记指南。掌握解剖学、生理学、训练原则、技能学习和损伤预防中的关键词汇与定义，能让你在考试中答题更加精准、自信。本指南中的每个核心术语都配有简要的英文解释和中文翻译，方便你学习、复习和自测。
1. Anatomical Position and Movement Planes | 解剖学姿势与运动平面
Anatomical Position: The body stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward. This standard reference point ensures that directional terms are understood consistently.
解剖学姿势：身体直立，面朝前方，双臂垂于体侧，掌心向前。这个标准参考姿势能让所有方向术语的描述保持一致。
Superior: Towards the head or upper part of a structure. For example, the skull is superior to the shoulders.
上（颅侧）：朝向头部或身体结构的上方。比如，颅骨位于肩膀的上方。
Inferior: Away from the head, towards the lower part of the body. The feet are inferior to the knees.
下（尾侧）：远离头部，朝向身体下方。双脚位于膝盖的下方。
Anterior (Ventral): Towards the front of the body. The pectoral muscles are anterior to the shoulder blades.
前（腹侧）：朝向身体前方。胸肌位于肩胛骨的前方。
Posterior (Dorsal): Towards the back of the body. The spine is posterior to the heart.
后（背侧）：朝向身体后方。脊柱位于心脏的后方。
Medial: Closer to the midline of the body. The sternum is medial to the ribs.
内侧：靠近身体中线。胸骨比肋骨更靠近内侧。
Lateral: Farther from the midline. The shoulders are lateral to the neck.
外侧：远离身体中线。肩膀位于颈部的外侧。
Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment to the trunk. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
近侧：靠近与躯干的连接点。肘部比手腕更靠近近侧。
Distal: Farther from the trunk attachment. The fingers are distal to the elbow.
远侧：远离躯干连接点。手指处于肘部的远侧。
Sagittal Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right portions. Movements such as walking and squatting occur in this plane.
矢状面：把身体分成左右两部分的垂直面。行走、深蹲等动作发生在这个平面上。
Frontal (Coronal) Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Jumping jacks and lateral raises occur in this plane.
额状面（冠状面）：把身体分为前后两部分的垂直面。开合跳和侧平举发生在这个平面上。
Transverse Plane: A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. Twisting movements such as a golf swing occur in this plane.
水平面（横截面）：把身体分为上下两部分的水平面。高尔夫挥杆等旋转动作发生在这个平面上。
2. Skeletal System – Key Bones | 骨骼系统 – 主要骨骼
Cranium: The part of the skull that encloses the brain, providing protection.
颅骨：头骨的一部分，包围并保护大脑。
Clavicle: The collarbone, a long bone that connects the sternum to the scapula.
锁骨：连接胸骨与肩胛骨的长骨。
Scapula: The shoulder blade, a flat bone that allows a wide range of arm movements.
肩胛骨：一块扁平的骨头，让手臂能进行大范围的活动。
Sternum: The breastbone, located at the centre of the chest; ribs attach to it to form the rib cage.
胸骨：位于胸部中央的骨；肋骨附着其上，构成胸廓。
Ribs: Flat, curved bones that protect the heart and lungs. There are 12 pairs.
肋骨：扁平弯曲的骨骼，保护心脏和肺，共有12对。
Humerus: The long bone of the upper arm, connecting the shoulder to the elbow.
肱骨：上臂的长骨，连接肩部与肘部。
Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm on the thumb side; it rotates during pronation and supination.
桡骨：前臂外侧的骨，位于拇指侧；在做旋前、旋后动作时会转动。
Ulna: The medial bone of the forearm on the little-finger side.
尺骨：前臂内侧的骨，位于小指侧。
Carpals: Small bones of the wrist that allow fine motor movements.
腕骨：手腕的小骨骼，用于精细动作。
Metacarpals: The five bones of the hand that form the palm.
掌骨：手部的五根骨头，构成手掌。
Phalanges: The bones of the fingers and toes.
指骨与趾骨：手指和脚趾的骨头。
Vertebral Column: The spine, made up of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs; it protects the spinal cord and supports the body.
脊柱：由椎骨和椎间盘组成，保护脊髓并支撑身体。
Pelvis: The bony structure that connects the trunk and the legs; it transfers weight and protects internal organs.
骨盆：连接躯干与腿部的骨性结构，传递体重并保护内脏。
Femur: The thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body.
股骨：大腿骨，是全身最长、最强壮的骨头。
Patella: The kneecap, a small bone that protects the knee joint and improves leverage.
髌骨：膝盖骨，保护膝关节并增强杠杆作用。
Tibia: The shin bone, the larger weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
胫骨：小腿内侧较大的承重骨。
Fibula: The slender bone beside the tibia, not weight-bearing but providing muscle attachment.
腓骨：胫骨旁边细长的骨，不承重但为肌肉提供附着点。
Tarsals: A group of ankle bones, including the calcaneus (heel bone).
跗骨：踝部的一组骨头，包括跟骨。
Metatarsals: The five long bones of the foot, forming the sole.
跖骨：足部的五根长骨，构成足底。
3. Muscular System and Movements | 肌肉系统与动作
Deltoid: The triangular shoulder muscle responsible for arm abduction, flexion and extension.
三角肌：肩部三角形的肌肉，负责手臂外展、屈和伸。
Biceps: The anterior upper-arm muscle that flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.
肱二头肌：上臂前侧肌群，使肘关节屈曲、前臂旋后。
Triceps: The posterior upper-arm muscle that extends the elbow.
肱三头肌：上臂后侧肌群，使肘关节伸展。
Pectorals: The chest muscles that bring the arm forward and across the body (horizontal adduction).
胸大肌：胸部肌群，使手臂前伸内收。
Abdominals: The core muscles that flex the trunk and stabilise the spine.
腹肌：核心肌群，使躯干屈曲并稳定脊柱。
Quadriceps: A group of four muscles on the anterior thigh; they extend the knee.
股四头肌：大腿前侧的四大肌肉，负责伸展膝关节。
Hamstrings: A group of three muscles on the posterior thigh; they flex the knee and extend the hip.
腘绳肌：大腿后侧的三大肌肉，使膝关节屈曲、髋关节伸展。
Gluteals: The buttock muscles that extend and abduct the hip.
臀肌：臀部肌群，使髋伸展、外展。
Gastrocnemius: The calf muscle that plantar-flexes the ankle (helps you point your foot).
腓肠肌：小腿后部的肌肉，使踝关节跖屈（踮起脚尖）。
Agonist: The muscle that contracts to create the desired movement; also called the prime mover.
主动肌：收缩产生目标动作的肌肉，也称原动肌。
Antagonist: The muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to move; for example, during elbow flexion the triceps relaxes while the biceps contracts.
拮抗肌：在主动肌收缩时放松的肌肉；例如肘关节屈曲时，肱三头肌放松，肱二头肌收缩。
Isotonic contraction: Muscle action where length changes (concentric – shortening; eccentric – lengthening while under tension).
等张收缩：肌肉长度发生变化的收缩（向心收缩——缩短；离心收缩——在张力下被拉长）。
Isometric contraction: Muscle tension develops but length stays the same, e.g. holding a plank.
等长收缩：肌肉产生张力但长度不变，如平板支撑。
4. Joints and Movement Types | 关节与运动类型
Ball-and-socket joint: The most mobile joint type; found at the shoulder and hip, permitting movement in all three planes.
球窝关节：活动度最大的关节，位于肩部和髋部，可在三个平面上运动。
Hinge joint: Allows movement only in one plane, like a door hinge. The elbow and knee are hinge joints.
屈戌关节（滑车关节）：只允许在单一平面上活动，类似门铰链。肘和膝关节属于此类。
Pivot joint: Allows rotation around a central axis, e.g. the joint between the atlas and axis vertebrae that lets you shake your head.
车轴关节：围绕中轴旋转，如第一、第二颈椎间的关节，让你能左右摇头。
Gliding joint: Allows small sliding movements in many directions, e.g. between the carpals of the wrist.
平面关节：允许多方向的小幅度滑动，如腕骨之间的关节。
Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two body parts. Elbow flexion occurs when you bring your hand toward your shoulder.
屈曲：减小身体两部分夹角。手臂弯向肩膀即为肘屈曲。
Extension: Increasing the angle between body parts. Straightening the leg at the knee is extension.
伸展：增大身体两部分夹角。伸直膝盖即为伸展。
Abduction: Movement away from the midline. Raising the arm sideways is shoulder abduction.
外展：远离中线的动作。侧举手臂即为肩外展。
Adduction: Movement towards the midline. Bringing the arm back to the side is adduction.
内收：靠近中线的动作。手臂从侧方回到体侧即为内收。
Rotation: Movement around a long axis. Turning the head left and right is rotation of the cervical spine.
旋转：围绕长轴运动。左右转头就是颈椎的旋转。
Circumduction: A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction in a circular motion, like drawing a circle with a straight arm.
环转：屈曲、伸展、外展、内收的组合运动，如直臂画圈。
Ligament: A strong band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone, providing joint stability.
韧带：连接骨与骨的坚韧结缔组织束，提供关节稳定性。
Tendon: Fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone, transferring the force of contraction.
肌腱：将肌肉附着于骨头的纤维组织，传递收缩力量。
5. Cardiovascular System Terminology | 心血管系统术语
Heart Rate (HR): The number of heartbeats per minute (bpm). Resting heart rate is typically lower in fit individuals.
心率 (HR)：每分钟心跳次数。健康水平高的人安静心率通常较低。
Stroke Volume (SV): The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Endurance training can increase SV.
每搏输出量 (SV)：左心室每次搏动所泵出的血量。耐力训练可提高每搏输出量。
Cardiac Output (Q) ped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as Heart Rate × Stroke Volume (Q = HR × SV).
心输出量 (Q)：心脏每分钟泵出的总血流量。计算公式为 心率 × 每搏输出量 (Q = HR × SV)。
Q = HR × SV
Blood Pressure: The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of arteries. It is recorded as systolic over diastolic (e.g. 120/80 mmHg).
血压：循环血液作用于动脉壁的压力。记录方式为收缩压/舒张压（如120/80 mmHg）。
Arteries: Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery). They have thick, elastic walls to withstand high pressure.
动脉：将含氧血运离心脏的血管（肺动脉除外），管壁厚而有弹性，以承受高压。
Veins: Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except the pulmonary vein). They contain valves to prevent backflow.
静脉：将缺氧血送回心脏的血管（肺静脉除外），内含瓣膜防止血液逆流。
Capillaries: Tiny, thin-walled vessels where gaseous exchange occurs between blood and body cells.
毛细血管：极细的薄壁血管，是血液与体细胞进行气体交换的场所。
Pulmonary Circuit: The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back. It picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
肺循环：血液从心脏流向肺部再返回的通路，摄取氧气并排出二氧化碳。
Systemic Circuit: The pathway delivering oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.
体循环：将含氧血从心脏输送到全身，再送回缺氧血的循环路径。
6. Respiratory System Terminology | 呼吸系统术语
Trachea: The windpipe, reinforced with cartilage rings to stay open and conduct air to the bronchi.
气管：由软骨环支撑的管道，保持通畅，将空气导入支气管。
Bronchi: The two main branches of the trachea leading into each lung; they further subdivide into bronchioles.
支气管：气管分成两支进入肺的主要通道，再细分为细支气管。
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries, where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
肺泡：肺内的微小气囊，周围布满毛细血管，是氧气进入血液和二氧化碳排出的地方。
Diaphragm: A dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs that contracts during inhalation to expand the chest cavity.
膈肌：肺下方的穹顶状肌肉，吸气时收缩，使胸腔扩大。
Intercostal muscles: Muscles between the ribs that lift the rib cage during breathing in.
肋间肌：肋骨之间的肌肉，吸气时帮助抬起胸廓。
Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air breathed in and out during a normal breath at rest.
潮气量 (TV)：静息状态下一次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的气量。
Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
肺活量 (VC)：最大吸气后尽力呼出的最大气量。
Minute Ventilation (VE) total volume of air moved into the lungs per minute. VE = Tidal Volume × Respiratory Rate.
每分通气量 (VE)：每分钟进入肺的气体总量。VE = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。
VE = TV × Respiratory Rate
Gaseous Exchange: The process of oxygen moving from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide moving from the blood into the alveoli, occurring by diffusion.
气体交换：氧气从肺泡进入血液、二氧化碳从血液进入肺泡的过程，通过扩散实现。
Aerobic: Using oxygen to break down glucose for energy; suitable for low-to-moderate intensity, long-duration exercise.
有氧：利用氧气分解葡萄糖供能，适合中低强度、长时间的练习。
Anaerobic: Producing energy without oxygen, used for short, high-intensity bursts of activity, leading to lactic acid accumulation.
无氧：不依赖氧气产生能量，用于短时间高强度活动，会导致乳酸堆积。
7. Health and Fitness Components | 健康与体能要素
Cardiovascular Endurance: The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during sustained exercise. Tested with the beep test or Cooper run.
心血管耐力：长时间运动中，心肺为工作肌肉供氧的能力。常用蜂鸣测试或库珀跑测试。
Muscular Endurance: The capacity of a muscle or group of muscles to perform repeated contractions without fatigue. Measured by max press-ups in one minute.
肌肉耐力：肌肉或肌群反复收缩而不疲劳的能力。可用一分钟最大俯卧撑次数衡量。
Muscular Strength: The maximal force a muscle can exert in a single voluntary contraction. Tested with a handgrip dynamometer or one-rep max.
肌肉力量：单次自主收缩时肌肉产生的最大力量。可用握力计或单次最大重量测试。
Flexibility: The range of motion available at a joint. The sit-and-reach test assesses lower back and hamstring flexibility.
柔韧性：关节能够达到的活动幅度。坐位体前屈测试可以评估下背和腘绳肌的柔韧性。
Speed: The ability to move the whole body or a body part quickly. Measured by a 30-metre sprint time.
速度：快速移动全身或身体某部分的能力，可通过30米冲刺计时测试。
Power: The combination of strength and speed; exerting force quickly. The standing long jump is a power test.
爆发力：力量与速度的结合，快速发力的能力。立定跳远可以测试爆发力。
Agility: The ability to change direction quickly while maintaining control. The Illinois agility test is a common measure.
灵敏性：快速变向并保持控制的能力。伊利诺斯灵敏测试是常见测试。
Balance: Maintaining the centre of gravity over the base of support, either statically (still) or dynamically (moving). The stork stand tests static balance.
平衡能力：将重心维持在支撑面内的能力，分为静态（静止）和动态（移动）。鹤立测试可测静态平衡。
Coordination: The ability to use two or more body parts smoothly and efficiently together, like hand–eye coordination in catching a ball.
协调性：流畅高效地同时运用多个身体部位的能力，如接球时的手眼协调。
Reaction Time: The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus. The ruler drop test is a simple reaction-time assessment.
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