📚 Year 9 SQA French: Quick-Reference Handbook of Key Formulas and Rules | 九年级SQA法语:语法公式速查手册
As you build your foundation in French, mastering the essential grammar rules and patterns is like learning the formulas of a new system. This handbook condenses the fundamental 'formulas' you need for Year 9 SQA French, from verb conjugations to sentence structures, presented in a clear bilingual format. Keep it for quick revision and watch your accuracy improve.
当你打好法语基础时,掌握核心语法规则和模式就像学习一套新系统的公式。本手册浓缩了九年级 SQA 法语所需的基本‘公式’,从动词变位到句型结构,以清晰的中英双语呈现。保存下来随时速查,你的准确度会明显提升。
1. Noun Genders and Articles | 名词性别与冠词
Every French noun is either masculine or feminine, and this gender determines which article to use. There is no simple rule for all nouns, so it is best to learn the article together with the noun. Definite articles (the) point to a specific item, while indefinite articles (a, an, some) introduce a non‑specific one. Partitive articles (some, any) express an unspecified quantity.
每个法语名词要么是阳性要么是阴性,这种性别决定了该用哪种冠词。并不是所有名词都有简单规律,所以最好把冠词和名词一起记忆。定冠词(相当于英语 the)指特定物品,不定冠词(一个,一些)引入不特指的人或物,而部分冠词(一些)表示不确定的数量。
| Article type | Masculine | Feminine | Plural | Before vowel / mute h |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite | le | la | les | l' |
| Indefinite | un | une | des | — |
| Partitive | du | de la | des | de l' |
After a negative, partitive and indefinite articles (un, une, du, de la, des) normally change to de or d'. For example: J'ai un stylo. (I have a pen.) → Je n'ai pas de stylo. (I don't have a pen.)
在否定之后,部分冠词和不定冠词通常变成 de 或 d'。例如:J'ai un stylo.(我有一支笔。)→ Je n'ai pas de stylo.(我没有笔。)
2. Adjective Agreement and Position | 形容词的一致与位置
French adjectives must agree in gender (masculine / feminine) and number (singular / plural) with the noun they describe. The basic formula: feminine adds -e, masculine plural adds -s, and feminine plural adds -es. Adjectives ending in -e in the masculine usually do not change for the feminine, while many with other endings have special feminine forms (e.g. heureux → heureuse).
法语形容词必须与它们所描述的名词在性(阳/阴)和数(单/复)上保持一致。基本公式:阴性加 -e,阳性复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。本身以 -e 结尾的阳性形容词通常在阴性时不变,而其他结尾的形容词往往有特殊的阴性形式(如 heureux → heureuse)。
Most adjectives come after the noun: une voiture rouge (a red car). However, some short, common adjectives describing beauty, age, goodness or size (often remembered by the acronym BAGS) are placed before the noun. Examples: un joli jardin, un vieux livre, une bonne idée, une grande maison.
大多数形容词放在名词后面:une voiture rouge(红色的汽车)。但一些描述美丽、年龄、好坏或大小(常通过 BAGS 口诀记忆)的短小常用形容词要放在名词前。例如:un joli jardin(一个漂亮的花园)、un vieux livre(一本旧书)、une bonne idée(一个好主意)、une grande maison(一座大房子)。
3. Subject Pronouns and Stress Pronouns | 主语代词与重读代词
Subject pronouns replace the subject of a sentence. They are essential for conjugating verbs. Stress pronouns (also called disjunctive pronouns) are used after prepositions, for emphasis, or when the pronoun stands alone.
主语代词替代句子的主语,是动词变位的基础。重读代词(也称独立代词)用于介词后、表示强调或单独使用时。
| Person | Subject pronoun | Stress pronoun |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | je | moi |
| 2nd sing. | tu | toi |
| 3rd sing. masc. | il | lui |
| 3rd sing. fem. | elle | elle |
| 1st pl. | nous | nous |
| 2nd pl. | vous | vous |
| 3rd pl. masc. | ils | eux |
| 3rd pl. fem. | elles | elles |
Examples with stress pronouns: C'est pour toi. (It's for you.) Moi, je préfère le chocolat. (Me, I prefer chocolate.)
重读代词例句:C'est pour toi.(这是给你的。)Moi, je préfère le chocolat.(我嘛,我更喜欢巧克力。)
4. Regular Verb Conjugation Formulae | 规则动词变位公式
Regular verbs fall into three groups based on the infinitive ending: -er, -ir (the regular -ir group that uses an -iss- infix) and -re. Conjugation follows a stem + ending pattern. The stem is what remains after removing the infinitive ending.
规则动词根据不定式词尾分为三组:-er、规则 -ir(使用 -iss- 中缀的那类)和 -re。变位遵循‘词干 + 词尾’的模式。词干是去掉不定式词尾后剩下的部分。
For -er verbs, the present‑tense endings are: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. Example with parler (to speak): je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent.
对于 -er 动词,现在时的词尾是:-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。以 parler(说)为例:je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent。
For regular -ir verbs (those that follow the pattern of finir), the endings are: -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. Example: je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent.
对于规则 -ir 动词(遵循 finir 模式的),词尾是:-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。例如:je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent。
For -re verbs, the endings are: -s, -s, - , -ons, -ez, -ent. The il/elle form has no ending added. Example with vendre (to sell): je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent.
对于 -re 动词,词尾是:-s, -s, - , -ons, -ez, -ent。il/elle 形式不加任何词尾。以 vendre(卖)为例:je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent。
5. Essential Irregular Verbs | 重要不规则动词
The four most important irregular verbs in French are être (to be), avoir (to have), aller (to go) and faire (to do/make). Their present‑tense conjugations must be memorised as they do not follow any regular pattern. They are also used as auxiliary verbs and in many set expressions.
法语中最重要的四个不规则动词是 être(是)、avoir(有)、aller(去)和 faire(做)。它们的现在时变位必须死记,因为它们不遵循任何规则模式。它们也用作助动词,并出现在许多固定表达中。
| Subject | être | avoir | aller | faire |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| je | suis | ai | vais | fais |
| tu | es | as | vas | fais |
| il/elle | est | a | va | fait |
| nous | sommes | avons | allons | faisons |
| vous | êtes | avez | allez | faites |
| ils/elles | sont | ont | vont | font |
Use these as building blocks: for example, J'ai froid (I am cold), Nous allons bien (We are doing well), Elle fait ses devoirs (She is doing her homework).
把这些当成积木:例如,J'ai froid(我冷)、Nous allons bien(我们很好)、Elle fait ses devoirs(她在做作业)。
6. Present Tense Formula | 现在时公式
The present tense in French can translate as the simple present, present continuous, or even near future actions. The general formula is: Subject + conjugated verb + (complement). The verb ending must match the subject. Apart from regular and irregular forms covered above, stem‑changing verbs (like acheter : j'achète) and spelling‑change verbs (like commencer : nous commençons) require extra attention.
法语现在时既可以表示一般现在,也可以表示正在进行的动作,甚至表示很近的将来。基本公式是:主语 + 变位动词 + (补充成分)。动词词尾必须与主语匹配。除了前面提到的规则和不规则形式,词干变化动词(如 acheter:j'achète)和拼写变化动词(如 commencer:nous commençons)也需要特别留意。
Example pair: Je mange une pomme. (I am eating an apple / I eat an apple.) and Nous allons au cinéma ce soir. (We are going to the cinema this evening.)
例句对照:Je mange une pomme.(我正在吃苹果/我吃苹果。)以及 Nous allons au cinéma ce soir.(我们今晚要去电影院。)注意用 aller 的现在时也可以构成近将来。
7. Passé Composé Formula | 复合过去时公式
The passé composé is the most common past tense in spoken French. Its formula is: Subject + auxiliary (avoir/être in present) + past participle. Most verbs use avoir. A group of mostly motion‑related and reflexive verbs use être; with être the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.
复合过去时是法语口语中最常用的过去时态。其公式为:主语 + 助动词(avoir/être 现在时)+ 过去分词。大多数动词用 avoir。一组主要与移动和反身有关的动词用 être;用 être 时,过去分词要与主语的性和数配合。
Regular past participles: parler → parlé (-é), finir → fini (-i), vendre → vendu (-u). The être verbs include aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, naître, mourir, rester, passer, retourner, tomber (plus reflexive verbs). The agreement rule: add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural.
规则过去分词:parler → parlé(-é),finir → fini(-i),vendre → vendu(-u)。用 être 的动词包括 aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, naître, mourir, rester, passer, retourner, tomber(以及所有反身动词)。配合规则:阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。
Examples: J'ai mangé. (I ate.) Elle est allée. (She went.) Ils se sont lavés. (They washed themselves.)
例句:J'ai mangé.(我吃了。)Elle est allée.(她去了。)Ils se sont lavés.(他们洗了澡。)
8. Future Tense Formulae | 将来时公式
French has two main ways to express the future. The futur proche (near future) is formed with: aller (present) + infinitive. It describes an action that will happen soon or is intended
Published by TutorHao | Year 9 法语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图