📚 Year 9 SQA Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 9 SQA 中文：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your Year 9 SQA Chinese revision companion. Just as mathematics relies on formulas and theorems, Chinese has its own set of structural rules that, once internalised, unlock rapid progress in reading, writing, listening, and speaking. This handbook condenses the most essential linguistic “formulas” – from Pinyin tone sandhi and stroke order laws to sentence patterns like bǎ, bèi, and shì...de – into clear, memorisable blocks. Each section presents a core rule, its typical structure, and practical examples, with English explanations followed by Chinese equivalents. Use it for quick reference, exam preparation, or daily practice.
欢迎使用你的 Year 9 SQA 中文复习伙伴。如同数学依赖公式和定理，中文也有一套自己的结构规则，一旦内化，就能在听、说、读、写上快速进步。本手册将最重要的语言学“公式”——从拼音变调和笔顺规律到把字句、被字句和是……的句式——浓缩成清晰、可记忆的模块。每一节呈现一个核心规则、典型结构和实用例句，先英文解释再中文配对。可用于快速查阅、备考或日常练习。
1. Pinyin and Tone Sandhi Rules | 拼音与变调规则
Mandarin Pinyin uses four main tones plus a neutral tone. However, when certain tones appear together, the actual pronunciation changes – this is called tone sandhi. The most critical rule for Year 9 learners is the third‑tone sandhi: when two third‑tone syllables are consecutive, the first one is pronounced as a second tone (rising), though it is still written with the third‑tone mark in Pinyin. Another important rule concerns the words bù (不) and yī (一): bù is fourth tone before another fourth tone, becoming bú; yī is fourth tone before first, second, or third tone, but second tone before a fourth tone.
汉语拼音使用四个主要声调加一个轻声。然而，某些声调连在一起时，实际发音会发生变化——这叫做变调。Year 9 学习者最关键的是三声变调规则：两个三声音节连读时，第一个读作二声（升调），尽管拼音书写仍保留三声符号。另一重要规则涉及“不”和“一”：“不”在另一个四声前变为二声，成为 bú；“一”在一、二、三声前读四声，在四声前读二声。
Examples: nǐ hǎo → actually pronounced ní hǎo. bù + duì → bú duì. yī + gè → yí gè.
例句：nǐ hǎo → 实际读作 ní hǎo。bù + duì → bú duì。yī + gè → yí gè。
2. Stroke Order Basic Laws | 汉字笔顺基本规则
Every Chinese character is written following a set sequence of strokes. The seven fundamental stroke order rules form a reliable “algorithm” for writing almost any character correctly. They are: (1) horizontal before vertical (héng then shù); (2) left‑falling before right‑falling (piě then nà); (3) top before bottom; (4) left before right; (5) outside before inside; (6) inside before enclosing stroke (for characters with a bottom enclosure); (7) centre before sides in symmetrical characters. Mastering these rules helps character memorisation and ensures handwriting is legible and balanced.
每个汉字都按照一套笔顺书写。七条基本笔顺规则构成了一个可靠的“算法”，几乎能正确书写任何汉字。它们分别是：(1) 先横后竖；(2) 先撇后捺；(3) 从上到下；(4) 从左到右；(5) 先外后内；(6) 先里头后封口（针对下包围结构）；(7) 先中间后两边（对称字）。掌握这些规则有助于记忆汉字，并保证书写清晰、均衡。
Examples: 十 (horizontal then vertical), 人 (piě then nà), 三 (top to bottom), 川 (left to right), 月 (outside then inside), 国 (inside then bottom closure), 小 (centre then sides).
示例：十（先横后竖）、人（先撇后捺）、三（从上到下）、川（从左到右）、月（先外后内）、国（先里头后封口）、小（先中间后两边）。
3. Character Structures: Single‑component vs. Compound | 汉字结构：独体字与合体字
A Chinese character can be classified as a single‑component character (dútǐzì) – an indivisible unit composed of basic strokes – or a compound character (hétǐzì) made up of two or more components (radicals or phonetic parts). Understanding the structure helps with dictionary lookup and meaning inference. Common compound structures include: left‑right (e.g., 好), top‑bottom (e.g., 思), semi‑enclosure (e.g., 包), full enclosure (e.g., 国), and overlapped (e.g., 品). Each component often gives a clue: the radical hints at meaning, while the phonetic part may hint at pronunciation.
汉字可分为独体字（由基本笔画组成的不可分割的单位）和合体字（由两个或以上偏旁或声旁构成）。理解结构有助于查字典和推断字义。常见合体字结构包括：左右结构（如“好”）、上下结构（如“思”）、半包围（如“包”）、全包围（如“国”）和品字形（如“品”）。每个部件常提供线索：形旁提示含义，声旁可能提示发音。
Formula: Radical (semantic) + Phonetic component = Compound character. Example: 妈 = 女 (female radical) + 马 (phonetic mǎ).
公式：形旁（义旁）+ 声旁 = 合体字。示例：妈 = 女（女字旁）+ 马（声旁 mǎ）。
4. Basic Word Order: Subject–Predicate–Object | 基本语序：主语—谓语—宾语
The unmarked word order in Chinese is Subject–Verb–Object (SVO), similar to English. However, Chinese places time‑when and location phrases before the verb, not at the end of the sentence. The general pattern for a simple declarative sentence is: Subject + Time phrase + Location phrase + Adverb + Verb + Object. Adverbs such as yě (也), dōu (都), chángcháng (常常) always come before the verb. This fixed order acts as a syntactic “formula” for building accurate sentences.
汉语无标记语序为主谓宾（SVO），与英语类似。但汉语将时间词和地点词放在动词之前，而非句末。简单陈述句的一般模式为：主语 + 时间短语 + 地点短语 + 副词 + 动词 + 宾语。副词如“也”“都”“常常”总是位于动词之前。这一固定顺序如同一个句法“公式”，用来构建正确的句子。
Pattern: S + Time + Place + Adv + V + O. Example: 我 今天 在图书馆 认真地 看了 一本小说。
模式：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 副词 + 动词 + 宾语。例句：我 今天 在图书馆 认真地 看了 一本小说。
5. The bǎ Construction Formula | 把字句公式
The bǎ (把) sentence is a hallmark of Chinese syntax used to emphasise how an object is disposed of, changed, or affected by the action. Its fixed structural formula is: Subject + bǎ + Object + Verb + (Complement/了). Crucially, the object must be definite or specific, and the verb must be transitive and typically complemented by a result, direction, or change. Bǎ sentences cannot end with a bare verb unless it is a disyllabic verb or followed by 了.
把字句是汉语句法的标志之一，用于强调动作如何处置、改变或影响宾语。其固定结构公式为：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 +（补语/了）。关键一点是，宾语必须是确指或特定的，动词必须为及物动词，且通常需要结果、趋向或变化的补语。把字句不能以光杆动词结尾，除非是双音节动词或带“了”。
Formula: S + bǎ + Obj + V + 在/到/给 + Location/Recipient. Example: 我把书放在桌子上了。她把礼物送给朋友了。
公式：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 在/到/给 + 地点/接收者。例句：我把书放在桌子上了。她把礼物送给朋友了。
6. The bèi Construction Formula | 被字句公式
The bèi (被) construction expresses passive voice, indicating that the subject is the recipient of the action. The standard formula is: Receiver + bèi (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement. Unlike English passives, the agent can often be omitted if it is unknown or irrelevant. In informal speech, 叫 (jiào) or 让 (ràng) can replace bèi, but bèi remains the formal written standard. Bèi sentences often carry an adversative or neutral nuance – the action is frequently undesirable.
被字句表达被动语态，表示主语是动作的承受者。标准公式为：承受者 + 被（+ 施事者）+ 动词 + 补语。与英语被动语态不同，当施事者未知或不重要时，常可省略。口语中可用“叫”或“让”代替“被”，但“被”仍是正式书面标准。被字句常带有不如意或中性的语义——动作常是不希望的。
Formula: Receiver + bèi + (Agent) + V + 了/结果. Example: 我的杯子被弟弟打破了。门被风吹开了。
公式：承受者 + 被 + (施事者) + 动词 + 了/结果。例句：我的杯子被弟弟打破了。门被风吹开了。
7. The shì...de Emphasis Structure | 是……的强调结构
To highlight the time, place, manner, or agent of a past completed action, Chinese uses the shì...de (是……的) framework. This is not a straightforward “to be... that” translation; it is a cleft‑like pattern. The element to be emphasised is placed directly after shì, and the sentence ends with de. The formula is: Subject + shì + [Emphasised detail] + Verb + (Object) + de. This structure is especially useful in asking and answering questions about circumstances of past events.
为了强调过去已完成动作的时间、地点、方式或施事者，汉语使用“是……的”框架。这不是简单的“to be... that”翻译，而是一个类似分裂句的模式。需要强调的成分直接放在“是”的后面，句尾用“的”。公式是：主语 + 是 + [强调细节] + 动词 +（宾语）+ 的。该结构在询问和回答过去事件的具体情况时特别有用。
Formula: S + shì + Time/Place/Manner + V (+ O) + de. Example: 我是昨天买的那本书。他们是在北京认识的。她是坐火车来的。
公式：主语 + 是 + 时间/地点/方式 + 动词（+ 宾语）+ 的。例句：我是昨天买的那本书。他们是在北京认识的。她是坐火车来的。
8. Comparative Sentence Formulas | 比较句公式
Chinese comparative sentences primarily use the preposition bǐ (比) to express “more than”. The basic formula is: A + bǐ + B + Adjective. Adverbs like gèng (更) or hái (还) can modify the adjective, and complements of degree can follow: A + bǐ + B + Adj + (一)些/得多/多了. For negative comparison, use méiyǒu (没有) or bùrú (不如): A + méiyǒu + B + Adj. To express equality, use A + gēn/ hé + B + yíyàng + Adj. These patterns are essential for describing people, objects, and experiences.
汉语比较句主要使用介词“比”来表达“更……”。基本公式是：A + 比 + B + 形容词。副词如“更”或“还”可以修饰形容词，程度补语可后置：A + 比 + B + 形容词 + （一）些/得多/多了。否定比较使用“没有”或“不如”：A + 没有 + B + 形容词。表达等同使用“A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + 形容词”。这些句式是描述人、物和经历的必备工具。
Formulas: (1) A bǐ B Adj. (2) A bǐ B Adj + de duō. (3) A méiyǒu B Adj. (4) A hé B yíyàng Adj. Examples: 他比我高。今天比昨天冷得多。我没有他聪明。这本书和那本书一样有趣。
公式：(1) A 比 B 形容词。(2) A 比 B 形容词 + 得多。(3) A 没有 B 形容词。(4) A 和 B 一样 形容词。例句：他比我高。今天比昨天冷得多。我没有他聪明。这本书和那本书一样有趣。
9. Measure Word Matching Rules | 量词搭配规则
In Chinese, nouns almost always require a measure word (liàngcí) when combined with a numeral or demonstrative. The general formula is: Number/ Demonstrative + Measure Word + Noun. While gè (个) is the universal fallback, many nouns have specific measure words based on shape, function, or category. Common ones: zhāng (张) for flat objects (paper, tables), běn (本) for books, zhī (支) for long slender objects (pens), tiáo (条) for long flexible things (rivers, trousers), jiàn (件) for clothing items and matters. Learning these collocations by heart drastically improves spoken accuracy.
在汉语中，名词与数词或指示词搭配时几乎总是需要量词。通用公式为：数词/指示词 + 量词 + 名词。尽管“个”是万能替代，许多名词根据形状、功能或类别有特定量词。常见的如：张（平面物体：纸、桌子）、本（书籍）、支（细长物：笔）、条（长而柔韧物：河、裤子）、件（衣物及事情）。熟记这些搭配能极大提高口语准确性。
Formula: Num + MW + N. Table:
| Measure Word | Used for | Example |
| 张 (zhāng) | flat, sheet‑like | 一张纸 (yì zhāng zhǐ) |
| 本 (běn) | books, notebooks | 三本书 (sān běn shū) |
| 支 (zhī) | long, rigid | 一支笔 (yì zhī bǐ) |
| 件 (jiàn) | clothing, affairs | 一件衣服 (yí jiàn yīfu) |
10. Serial Verb Constructions | 常见连动句
Chinese allows multiple verbs to appear in a single clause without any conjunction – this is the serial verb construction. The most common purpose‑expressing formula is: Subject + Verb₁ + Object₁ + Verb₂ (+ Object₂), where Verb₁ indicates the means or purpose of Verb₂. For actions done in sequence, the verbs simply list the order. Understanding this pattern avoids the mistake of overusing “and” or “to”. A typical Year 9 example is the “qù + place + V” pattern to express going somewhere to do something.
汉语允许在一个句子中出现多个动词而无需连词——这就是连动结构。最常见的表目的公式为：主语 + 动词₁ + 宾语₁ + 动词₂（+ 宾语₂），其中动词₁表示动词₂的方式或目的。若动作依次发生，则按顺序排列动词。理解此模式可避免过度使用“和”或“to”的错误。Year 9 的典型范例是“去 + 地点 + 动词”模式，表示去某处做某事。
Formulas: (1) S + qù + Place + V + O. (2) S + yòng + Tool + V + O. Examples: 我去图书馆看书。她用筷子吃饭。我们坐公共汽车去学校。
公式：(1) 主语 + 去 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。(2) 主语 + 用 + 工具 + 动词 + 宾语。例句：我去图书馆看书。她用筷子吃饭。我们坐公共汽车去学校。
11. Question Formation Formulas | 疑问句公式
Chinese forms questions through several fixed patterns: (1) ma‑question: add the particle 吗 at the end of a declarative sentence – this is the simplest formula. (2) Verb‑Not‑Verb (A‑not‑A) pattern: repeat the verb/adjective with 不/没 in between for neutral yes‑no questions. (3) Question‑word questions: replace the unknown element with an interrogative pronoun like shénme (什么), nǎ (哪), shéi (谁), zěnme (怎么); keep the word order unchanged. (4) Choice questions: A + 还是 + B. For tag questions, use ...好吗? / 是吗?.
汉语通过几种固定模式构成疑问句：(1) 吗字问句：在陈述句尾加“吗”——这是最简单的公式。(2) 正反问句（A‑not‑A）：重复动词或形容词，中间加“不”或“没”，构成中立是非问。(3) 特指问句：用疑问代词如“什么”“哪”“谁”“怎么”替换未知成分，语序保持不变。(4) 选择问句：A + 还是 + B。反意疑问句使用“……好吗？/ 是吗？”。
Formulas: (1) Statement + 吗？ (2) V + 不/没 + V? (3) Question word in situ. Examples: 你是学生吗？你去不去？他在哪儿？你喜欢茶还是咖啡？
公式：(1) 陈述句 + 吗？ (2) 动词 + 不/没 + 动词？ (3) 疑问代词原位。例句：你是学生吗？你去不去？他在哪儿？你喜欢茶还是咖啡？
12. Negation Patterns Quick Reference | 否定形式速查
Negation in Chinese depends on the type of predicate. Use 不 (bù) for general present/future negation, adjectives, and habitual actions. Use 没 (méi) or 没有 (méiyǒu) to negate past actions, possession (with 有), or completed aspect. For telling someone not to do something (imperatives), use 别 (bié) or 不要 (búyào). In bǎ and bèi constructions, negation must precede bǎ/bèi, not the main verb. The pattern 不是...而是... expresses “not... but rather...”.
汉语的否定取决于谓语类型。一般现在/将来否定、形容词和习惯性动作用“不”。过去动作否定、“有”的否定和完成体用“没”或“没有”。命令式不要做某事用“别”或“不要”。在把字句和被字句中，否定词必须放在“把/被”之前，而非主要动词之前。句式“不是……而是……”表示“不是……而是……”。
Patterns: (1) S + 不 + V/Adj. (2) S + 没(有) + V/(有) N. (3) 别/不要 + V. (4) 没 + bǎ + O + V. Examples: 我不喜欢吃辣的。他没有来。别说话！他没把作业写完。
模式：(1) 主语 + 不 + 动词/形容词。(2) 主语 + 没(有) + 动词/(有) 名词。(3) 别/不要 + 动词。(4) 没 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词。例句：我不喜欢吃辣的。他没有来。别说话！他没把作业写完。
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