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Year 9 CIE Spanish: Grammar Formulae Quick-Reference Handbook | Year 9 CIE 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册

2026-07-18 22:05 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 9 CIE Spanish: Grammar Formulae Quick-Reference Handbook | Year 9 CIE 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册

This handbook gathers the essential Spanish grammar 'formulae' for Year 9 students following the CIE curriculum. Think of each pattern as a reliable tool to build correct sentences, just like equations in science. Here you will find verb conjugation tables, agreement rules, and sentence structures presented in a clear, quick-reference format.

这本手册汇集了 CIE 课程 Year 9 学生必备的西班牙语语法“公式”。你可以把每一个句型都看作构建正确句子的可靠工具，就像理科中的公式一样。这里以清晰、速查的形式呈现动词变位表、搭配规则和句子结构。

1. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词

Regular Spanish verbs in the present tense follow three conjugation models depending on their infinitive ending: -AR, -ER, and -IR. To form the verb, drop the ending and add the appropriate suffix for each subject pronoun.

西班牙语现在时规则动词根据不定式词尾分为三类变位模型：-AR、-ER 和 -IR。构成动词时，去掉词尾并为每个人称代词加上对应的后缀。

SubjectHablar (to speak)Comer (to eat)Vivir (to live)
yohablocomovivo
túhablascomesvives
él/ella/ustedhablacomevive
nosotros/nosotrashablamoscomemosvivimos
vosotros/vosotrashabláiscoméisvivís
ellos/ellas/ustedeshablancomenviven

The formula: infinitive stem + ending. For -AR verbs the endings are -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an. For -ER verbs: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. For -IR verbs: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en. Note the only difference between -ER and -IR appears in the 'nosotros' and 'vosotros' forms.

公式：不定式词干 + 词尾。-AR 动词词尾为 -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an；-ER 动词为 -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en；-IR 动词为 -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en。注意 -ER 和 -IR 仅在“我们”和“你们”形式上有区别。

2. Key Irregular Verbs: Ser, Estar, Tener, Ir | 核心不规则动词：Ser, Estar, Tener, Ir

Four verbs are heavily irregular and must be memorised as exceptions to the regular conjugation patterns. They are used constantly for descriptions, locations, possession, and future expressions.

四个高度不规则的动词必须当作例外单独记忆。它们常用于描述、位置、所属和将来表达。

SubjectSer (to be)Estar (to be)Tener (to have)Ir (to go)
yosoyestoytengovoy
túeresestástienesvas
él/ella/ustedesestátieneva
nosotros/nosotrassomosestamostenemosvamos
vosotros/vosotrassoisestáistenéisvais
ellos/ellas/ustedessonestántienenvan

Use 'ser' for permanent characteristics, origin, time, and identity. Use 'estar' for temporary states, location, and ongoing actions (with gerund). 'Tener' expresses possession, age, and set phrases like 'tener hambre' (to be hungry). 'Ir' is the base for the immediate future: ir a + infinitive.

“Ser”用于永久特征、来源、时间和身份；“estar”用于暂时状态、位置和进行中的动作（与副动词连用）；“tener”表示拥有、年龄以及固定短语如“tener hambre”（饿了）；“ir”是将来时的基础：ir a + 不定式。

3. Noun Gender and Pluralisation | 名词的性与数

Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. Most nouns ending in -o are masculine, and those ending in -a are feminine. However, there are exceptions, and some endings like -ción, -dad are typically feminine.

西班牙语名词分阳性和阴性。大多数以 -o 结尾的名词是阳性，以 -a 结尾的是阴性。但也有例外，一些词尾如 -ción、-dad 通常是阴性。

Pluralisation formula: if the noun ends in a vowel, add -s. If it ends in a consonant, add -es. When a noun ends in -z, change the -z to -c and add -es.

复数公式：名词以元音结尾时加 -s；以辅音结尾时加 -es。若以 -z 结尾，则将 -z 改为 -c 再加 -es。

Articles and adjectives must match the noun in both gender and number. This alignment is a fundamental requirement in every Spanish sentence.

冠词和形容词必须在性和数上与名词保持一致。这一搭配要求是每个西班牙语句子的基础规则。

4. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词

The definite article 'the' has four forms: el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural), las (feminine plural). The indefinite article 'a/an/some' also has four forms: un, una, unos, unas.

定冠词“the”有四种形式：el（阳性单数）、la（阴性单数）、los（阳性复数）、las（阴性复数）。不定冠词“a/an/some”也有四种形式：un、una、unos、unas。

Article typeMasc. Sing.Fem. Sing.Masc. Pl.Fem. Pl.
Definiteellaloslas
Indefiniteununaunosunas

Use the definite article when referring to specific items, general concepts, days of the week, and before titles when talking about someone. The indefinite article is used for non-specific items or to introduce something for the first time. Omit the indefinite article before professions after 'ser': 'Soy estudiante' (I am a student).

定冠词用于特指、一般概念、星期几以及在谈论某人时用于头衔前。不定冠词用于非特指或首次提及的事物。在“ser”之后的职业前省略不定冠词，如“Soy estudiante”（我是学生）。

5. Adjective Agreement | 形容词的搭配规则

Adjectives in Spanish agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. Most adjectives end in -o for masculine and -a for feminine, adding -s or -es for plurals. Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant often have the same form for both genders, changing only for plural.

西班牙语中的形容词在性和数上要与所修饰的名词保持一致。大多数形容词阳性以 -o 结尾，阴性以 -a 结尾，复数加 -s 或 -es。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常两性同形，只在复数上变化。

Descriptive adjectives usually come after the noun, unlike English. However, a few common adjectives like 'bueno' (good) and 'malo' (bad) can appear before the noun and often drop the final -o before a masculine singular noun: 'un buen libro' (a good book).

描述性形容词通常置于名词之后，与英语不同。但一些常用形容词如“bueno”（好的）和“malo”（坏的）可放在名词前，且在阳性单数名词前常省略末尾 -o，如“un buen libro”（一本好书）。

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6. The Verb Gustar and Similar Verbs | 动词 Gustar 及类似结构

The verb 'gustar' does not mean 'to like' word-for-word; it works like 'to be pleasing to'. The formula is: indirect object pronoun + gusta/gustan + the thing liked. Use 'gusta' for singular nouns or infinitives, and 'gustan' for plural nouns.

动词“gustar”并不逐字对应“喜欢”，其结构类似“使……喜欢”。公式为：间接宾语代词 + gusta/gustan + 被喜欢的事物。单数名词或不定式用“gusta”，复数名词用“gustan”。

PersonIndirect Object Pronoun
me (to me)me gusta(n)
te (to you, singular informal)te gusta(n)
le (to him/her/you formal)le gusta(n)
nos (to us)nos gusta(n)
os (to you plural informal)os gusta(n)
les (to them/you plural formal)les gusta(n)

Examples: 'Me gusta el chocolate' (I like chocolate / Chocolate pleases me). 'Me gustan los deportes' (I like sports). To emphasise or clarify, add 'a + name/pronoun': 'A Juan le gusta bailar' (Juan likes to dance). Other verbs that follow the same pattern include 'encantar' (to love), 'interesar' (to interest), and 'aburrir' (to bore).

例句：“Me gusta el chocolate”（我喜欢巧克力）。“Me gustan los deportes”（我喜欢运动）。为强调或明确对象，可加上“a + 名字/代词”：“A Juan le gusta bailar”（胡安喜欢跳舞）。遵循相同模式的动词还有“encantar”（使着迷）、“interesar”（使感兴趣）和“aburrir”（使厌烦）。

7. Immediate Future: Ir a + Infinitive | 近期将来时：Ir a + 不定式

To talk about plans and things that are going to happen soon, Spanish uses the construction: conjugated form of 'ir' + a + infinitive. This is one of the most productive 'formulae' for Year 9 learners.

要谈论计划和即将发生的事情，西班牙语使用结构：动词“ir”的适当变位 + a + 不定式。这是 Year 9 学习者最高频使用的“公式”之一。

The pattern 'ir a' remains invariable; only 'ir' changes according to the subject. The infinitive stays in its base form.

“ir a”部分保持不变，只有“ir”随主语变位。不定式保留原形。

This construction is not a separate tense but a verbal periphrasis. It is essential to distinguish it from the simple present used for habitual actions.

该结构并非独立的时态，而是一种动词短语。务必区分它和表示习惯动作的一般现在时。

8. Direct Object Pronouns | 直接宾语代词

A direct object receives the action of the verb directly. Direct object pronouns replace the noun to avoid repetition. The forms are: me (me), te (you), lo (him/it masculine), la (her/it feminine), nos (us), os (you plural), los (them masculine), las (them feminine).

直接宾语是动作的直接承受者。直接宾语代词替代名词以避免重复。形式包括：me（我）、te（你）、lo（他/它，阳性）、la（她/它，阴性）、nos（我们）、os（你们）、los（他们，阳性）、las（她们，阴性）。

Placement rule: the pronoun usually goes directly before the conjugated verb. When the sentence has an infinitive or gerund, the pronoun can be attached to the end of the non-conjugated form.

位置规则：代词通常直接放在变位动词之前。当句子中有不定式或副动词时，代词可附着在该非变位形式的末尾。

ent on the gerund when attaching pronouns to maintain the original stress: haciendo → haciéndolos.

注意附着代词时，副动词上须加重音符号以保持原重音位置，如 haciendo → haciéndolos。

9. Indirect Object Pronouns | 间接宾语代词

An indirect object indicates to whom or for whom an action is done. The indirect object pronouns are: me, te, le (to him/her/you formal), nos, os, les (to them/you plural).

间接宾语表示动作的对象或受益者。间接宾语代词为：me、te、le（给他/她/您）、nos、os、les（给他们/你们）。

These pronouns are placed before the conjugated verb or attached to infinitives and gerunds, just like direct object pronouns. They often appear together with the verb 'gustar' and with verbs of communication.

这些代词的放置规则与直接宾语代词相同，置于变位动词前或附着于不定式和副动词。它们常与“gustar”以及交流类动词一同出现。

When both a direct and an indirect object pronoun appear in the same sentence, the indirect comes first. If both start with 'l' (le/les + lo/la/los/las), the indirect 'le' or 'les' changes to 'se'.

当直接宾语代词与间接宾语代词同时出现时，间接宾语代词在前。若二者都以“l”开头（le/les + lo/la/los/las），则间接宾语的“le”或“les”需变为“se”。

Le doy el libro → Se lo doy (I give it to him/her).

10. Question Words | 疑问词

Asking questions in Spanish relies on a set of interrogative words that always carry an accent mark to distinguish them from relative pronouns. Inversion of subject and verb is common but not strictly required.

在西班牙语中提问需要借助一组疑问词，这些词始终带重音符号以区别于关系代词。主谓倒装很常见，但并非绝对要求。

Question WordMeaningExample
¿Qué?What?¿Qué comes?
¿Quién(es)?Who?¿Quién es él?
¿Cuál(es)?Which?¿Cuál prefieres?
¿Dónde?Where?¿Dónde vives?
¿Cuándo?When?¿Cuándo empieza?
¿Por qué?Why?¿Por qué estudias?
¿Cómo?How?¿Cómo estás?
¿Cuánto/a/os/as?How much/many?¿Cuántos años tienes?

Remember to open and close questions with ¿ and ? marks. When 'cuál' is used before a noun, it must agree in number: ¿Cuáles libros? Don't confuse 'por qué' (why) with 'porque' (because).

记得问句前后使用 ¿ 和 ?。当“cuál”用在名词前时需保持数的一致：¿Cuáles libros?。不要混淆“por qué”（为什么）和“porque”（因为）。

11. Comparisons of Equality and Inequality | 同级比较与差级比较

To compare people or things, Spanish uses three basic structures. For inequality, 'más que' (more than) and 'menos que' (less than) are used with adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. For equality, 'tan como' is used with adjectives/adverbs, and 'tanto/a/os/as como' with nouns.

比较人、物时，西班牙语用三种基本结构。差级比较用“más que”（比……更）和“menos que”（比……少）搭配形容词、副词或名词。同级比较用“tan como”搭配形容词/副词，用“tanto/a/os/as como”搭配名词。

ectives: bueno → mejor (better), malo → peor (worse), grande → mayor (older/bigger), pequeño → menor (younger/smaller). 'Mayor' and 'menor' are often used for age.

一些常用形容词有不规则比较级：bueno → mejor（更好），malo → peor（更差），grande → mayor（更大/更年长），pequeño → menor（更小/更年幼）。“mayor”和“menor”常用于表示年龄。

12. Expressing Time and Weather | 表达时间与天气

Telling time uses the formula: 'Es la' for 1:00 and 'Son las' for all other hours. Minutes are added with 'y' (and) or subtracted with 'menos' (minus). The verb 'ser' is used.

表达时间使用公式：1点用“Es la”，其他整点用“Son las”。分钟用“y”加上或“menos”减去。使用动词“ser”。

For weather, the key impersonal verb is 'hacer' in the 3rd person singular, typically 'hace'. Also 'hay' (there is/are) is used for some weather phenomena.

表达天气时，关键无人称动词是第三人称单数的“hacer”，通常用“hace”。另外“hay”用于某些天气现象。