📚 Year 9 SQA Geography: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 SQA 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key geographical vocabulary is essential for success in SQA Geography. This guide provides clear definitions and memorable tricks for common terms in physical and human geography, helping you build a solid foundation for exams and fieldwork.
掌握关键地理词汇对于 SQA 地理考试至关重要。本指南为自然地理和人文地理中常见的术语提供清晰定义和记忆窍门，助你打下坚实基础。
1. Earth's Structure & Plate Boundaries | 地球结构与板块边界
The Earth is made up of layers: the thin crust, the semi-solid mantle, the liquid outer core and the solid inner core. The crust is broken into tectonic plates that float on the mantle's convection currents.
地球由不同的圈层组成：薄的地壳、半固态的地幔、液态的外核和固态的内核。地壳分裂成构造板块，漂浮在地幔的对流体之上。
Crust: The rigid outermost layer of the Earth, varying from about 5 km (oceanic) to 70 km (continental) thick. Think of it as the cracking shell of a boiled egg.
地壳：地球最外层的刚性圈层，海洋地壳厚约5公里，大陆地壳厚可达70公里。可以想象成煮鸡蛋裂开的蛋壳。
Mantle: The thick, semi-solid layer beneath the crust, where convection currents slowly move rock. Over long periods it behaves like thick treacle.
地幔：地壳下厚的半固态圈层，其中对流体缓慢移动岩石。长时间尺度上像粘稠的糖浆。
Convection current: Circular movement of material in the mantle caused by heat from the core. Hot material rises, cools and sinks, dragging the plates along.
地幔对流：地核热量引起的地幔物质循环运动。炽热物质上升，冷却后下沉，带动板块移动。
Plate boundary: The edge where two tectonic plates meet. Three main types: convergent, divergent and transform. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur here.
板块边界：两个构造板块相遇的边缘。三种主要类型：汇聚型、离散型和转换型。大多数地震和火山发生于此。
Subduction: The process where one dense oceanic plate sinks beneath a lighter continental plate into the mantle, often forming deep ocean trenches. Remember: 'sub' means under.
俯冲作用：致密的大洋板块下沉到较轻的大陆板块之下，进入地幔的过程，常形成深海沟。记住 'sub' 表示下方。
Core: The central part of the Earth, divided into a liquid outer core and a solid inner core, mainly composed of iron and nickel. The inner core is as hot as the Sun's surface.
地核：地球的中心部分，分为液态外核和固态内核，主要成分为铁和镍。内核温度高达太阳表面温度。
2. Volcanoes & Earthquakes | 火山与地震
Magma: Molten rock stored beneath the Earth's surface. It becomes lava once it erupts.
岩浆：储存在地表下的熔融岩石。一旦喷出，就称为熔岩。
Lava: Magma that has reached the Earth's surface, often flowing from a volcano or fissure.
熔岩：到达地表的岩浆，常从火山口或裂隙流出。
Focus: The point inside the Earth where an earthquake rupture begins. Seismic waves radiate from here.
震源：地球内部地震破裂起始点，地震波由此向外发散。
Epicentre: The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus, usually experiencing the strongest shaking.
震中：震源正上方的地表点，通常摇晃最剧烈。
Seismometer: A sensitive instrument that detects and records ground vibrations produced by earthquakes.
地震仪：探测并记录地震所产生地面振动的灵敏仪器。
Richter scale: A logarithmic scale that measures the magnitude (energy released) of an earthquake. A rise of 1 unit means 10 times greater shaking amplitude.
里氏震级：测量地震规模（释放能量）的对数标度。每增加1级，振动振幅增加约10倍。
3. Weathering & Erosion | 风化与侵蚀
Weathering: The breakdown of rocks in place without movement. Can be mechanical (freeze-thaw), chemical (acid rain) or biological (root wedging).
风化：岩石在原地发生破碎，没有移动。可分为机械（冻融）、化学（酸雨）或生物（根劈作用）风化。
Erosion: The wearing away and removal of rock and soil by moving agents such as water, wind, ice or waves.
侵蚀：由流水、风、冰或波浪等移动营力对岩石和土壤进行的磨损和搬运。
Freeze-thaw weathering: Water seeps into cracks, freezes overnight and expands by about 9%, widening the cracks until the rock shatters.
冻融风化：水渗入裂缝，夜间结
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