📚 Year 9 CIE Computer Science: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | CIE 计算机 Year 9 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering computer science starts with a solid grasp of its language. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will encounter in Year 9 CIE Computer Science, providing concise definitions in plain English alongside clear Chinese translations. Use it to strengthen your technical vocabulary, boost exam confidence, and build a foundation for further study.
掌握计算机科学始于对其语言的扎实理解。本指南梳理了你在 Year 9 CIE 计算机课程中将遇到的核心术语，用简洁的英文定义搭配清晰的中文翻译。用它来巩固你的专业词汇，提升考试信心，为后续学习打好基础。
1. Hardware and System Components | 硬件与系统组件
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – The brain of the computer that fetches, decodes, and executes instructions. It consists of the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers.
中央处理器 (CPU) – 计算机的大脑，负责取指令、译码和执行指令。它由控制单元、算术逻辑单元和寄存器组成。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Volatile main memory that temporarily stores data and instructions currently in use by the CPU. Its contents are lost when power is turned off.
随机存取存储器 (RAM) – 易失性主存储器，临时存放 CPU 当前使用的数据和指令，断电后内容会丢失。
ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Non-volatile memory containing permanent instructions (like the boot-up program) that cannot be changed by normal computing operations.
只读存储器 (ROM) – 非易失性存储器，含有永久性指令（如引导程序），正常操作下不可更改。
Input / Output Devices – Devices that allow data to enter a computer system (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone) or present processed data to the user (e.g., monitor, printer, speakers).
输入/输出设备 – 将数据送入计算机系统的设备（如键盘、鼠标、麦克风）或将处理后的数据呈现给用户的设备（如显示器、打印机、扬声器）。
Secondary Storage – Non-volatile storage that holds data permanently, such as hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), and USB flash drives.
辅助存储器 – 永久保存数据的非易失性存储，例如硬盘 (HDD)、固态硬盘 (SSD) 和 U 盘。
2. Software Categories | 软件分类
System Software – Programs that manage and control computer hardware, allowing applications to run. The operating system (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux) is the most important example.
系统软件 – 管理和控制计算机硬件的程序，使应用软件能够运行。操作系统（如 Windows、macOS、Linux）是最重要的系统软件。
Application Software – Programs designed to carry out specific tasks for the user, such as word processing, web browsing, or gaming.
应用软件 – 为用户执行特定任务的程序，例如文字处理、网页浏览或游戏。
Utility Software – System software that performs maintenance or protection tasks, like antivirus scanners, disk defragmenters, and backup tools.
实用程序 – 执行维护或保护任务的系统软件，如防病毒软件、磁盘碎片整理程序和备份工具。
Open Source Software – Software whose source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. Example: Python interpreter, Linux kernel.
开源软件 – 源代码公开，任何人都可以查看、修改和分发。例如 Python 解释器、Linux 内核。
Proprietary Software – Software owned by an individual or company; its source code is typically kept secret, and use is restricted by licences. Example: Microsoft Office.
专有软件 – 归个人或公司所有，源代码通常保密，使用受授权许可限制。例如 Microsoft Office。
3. Data Representation and Storage | 数据表示与存储
Binary – A number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. All data inside a computer is represented in binary (base-2).
二进制 – 只使用 0 和 1 两个数字的数制。计算机内部所有数据都以二进制（基数为 2）表示。
Bit (Binary Digit) – The smallest unit of data in a computer; a single 0 or 1.
比特 (位) – 计算机中的数据最小单位；单个 0 或 1。
Byte – A group of 8 bits, commonly used to represent a character of text.
字节 – 一组 8 个比特，通常用以表示一个文本字符。
Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte – Units of data storage: 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB.
千字节、兆字节、吉字节 – 数据存储单位：1 KB = 1024 字节；1 MB = 1024 KB；1 GB = 1024 MB。
Pixel – The smallest element of a digital image, each having a colour value. More pixels per inch mean higher resolution.
像素 – 数字图像的最小元素，每个像素都有颜色值。每英寸像素越多，分辨率越高。
ASCII and Unicode – Character encoding standards. ASCII represents 128 characters using 7 bits; Unicode supports thousands of characters from different scripts globally.
ASCII 与 Unicode – 字符编码标准。ASCII 用 7 位表示 128 个字符；Unicode 支持全球不同文字的成千上万个字符。
4. Networking Basics | 网络基础
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network that connects computers within a small geographic area, like a school or office, usually using cables or Wi-Fi.
局域网 (LAN) – 连接小地理范围内计算机的网络，如学校或办公室，通常使用网线或 Wi-Fi。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – A network that extends over a large geographical area, such as a city, country, or the Internet itself. WANs are formed by connecting multiple LANs.
广域网 (WAN) – 覆盖大地理范围的网络，如城市、国家乃至整个互联网。广域网由多个局域网连接而成。
Router – A device that forwards data packets between different networks, directing internet traffic to the correct destination.
路由器 – 在不同网络之间转发数据包的设备，引导互联网流量到达正确的目的地。
Switch – A networking device that connects multiple devices within a LAN and uses MAC addresses to forward data intelligently to the intended recipient.
交换机 – 连接局域网内多台设备的网络设备，利用 MAC 地址智能地将数据转发给预定接收者。
IP Address – A unique numeric label (IPv4: e.g., 192.168.1.1) assigned to each device on a network, used for identification and communication.
IP 地址 – 分配给网络上每一台设备的唯一数字标签（IPv4 形式如 192.168.1.1），用于标识和通信。
Protocol – A set of rules that governs how data is transmitted and received across a network. TCP/IP is the fundamental protocol suite of the Internet.
协议 – 管控网络数据传输与接收的一套规则。TCP/IP 是互联网的基本协议簇。
5. Algorithms and Problem Solving | 算法与问题求解
Algorithm – A step-by-step procedure or set of rules to solve a problem or complete a task. Algorithms must be precise, finite, and unambiguous.
算法 – 解决某个问题或完成某项任务的逐步步骤或规则集。算法必须精确、有限且无歧义。
Flowchart – A diagram that represents an algorithm using standard symbols: ovals for start/end, parallelograms for input/output, rectangles for processes, diamonds for decisions.
流程图 – 用标准符号表示算法的图表：椭圆代表开始/结束，平行四边形代表输入/输出，矩形代表处理，菱形代表判断。
Pseudocode – A simplified, structured way of describing an algorithm using plain language and common programming-like keywords, without strict syntax of any language.
伪代码 – 一种简化的、结构化的算法描述方式，使用自然语言和类似编程的关键字，无需严格遵循某一种语言语法。
Sequence, Selection, Iteration – The three basic building blocks of algorithms. Sequence is executing steps in order; selection is making a choice (IF/ELSE); iteration is repeating steps (loops: FOR, WHILE).
顺序、选择、重复 – 算法的三个基本构建块。顺序是按次序执行步骤；选择是做出判断 (IF/ELSE)；重复是循环执行步骤（FOR、WHILE 循环）。
Trace Table – A table used to manually test an algorithm by tracking the values of variables at each step, helping to identify logic errors.
跟踪表 – 通过记录每一步变量值来手工测试算法的表格，有助于发现逻辑错误。
6. Programming Concepts | 编程概念
Variable – A named storage location in memory that holds a value which can change during program execution. Each variable has a data type, such as integer, string, or Boolean.
变量 – 内存中一个命名的存储位置，存放可在程序运行期间改变的值。每个变量有一种数据类型，如整数、字符串或布尔型。
Constant – A named storage location whose value cannot be altered once it is assigned. Constants make programs easier to read and maintain.
常量 – 一旦赋值后值就不能改变的命名存储位置。常量使程序更易读易维护。
Data Type – The classification of data that determines the kind of operations that can be performed on it. Common types include integer, float, string, Boolean, and character.
数据类型 – 数据的分类，决定了可对其执行的操作。常见类型有整数、浮点数、字符串、布尔型和字符。
Conditional Statement – A statement that performs different actions based on whether a condition is true or false. Structured as IF...THEN...ELSE in pseudocode and many languages.
条件语句 – 根据条件真假执行不同操作的语句，如伪代码中的 IF...THEN...ELSE 结构。
Loop – A programming construct that repeats a block of code multiple times. Count-controlled loops (FOR) repeat a set number of times, while condition-controlled loops (WHILE) repeat as long as a condition is true.
循环 – 重复执行某段代码若干次的编程结构。计数循环 (FOR) 按固定次数重复，条件循环 (WHILE) 只要条件为真就持续重复。
Array – A data structure that stores a collection of items of the same data type under a single name, accessed by index (position number). Useful for managing lists of data.
数组 – 用一个名称存储相同数据类型的一组元素的数据结构，通过索引（位置号）访问。适合管理数据列表。
7. Cybersecurity and Ethics | 信息安全与道德
Malware – Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems. Includes viruses, worms, trojans, and spyware.
恶意软件 – 旨在破坏、扰乱或未授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件，包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马和间谍软件。
Phishing – A social engineering attack that uses fake emails or websites to trick people into revealing sensitive information like passwords or credit card numbers.
网络钓鱼 – 一种社会工程攻击，通过伪造的电子邮件或网站诱骗人们透露密码、信用卡号等敏感信息。
Firewall – A security system (hardware or software) that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
防火墙 – 一种安全系统（硬件或软件），根据预设安全规则监控和控制进出网络的流量。
Encryption – The process of converting plain text into a coded form (ciphertext) using an algorithm and a key, so that only authorized parties can read it.
加密 – 使用算法和密钥将明文转换为编码形式（密文）的过程，使只有经授权方才可读取。
Plagiarism – Taking someone else's work or ideas and presenting them as your own without proper attribution. In computing, this applies to copying code or digital content.
抄袭 – 将他人的作品或想法当作自己的成果呈现而不注明出处。在计算机领域，这涉及复制代码或数字内容。
Digital Footprint – The trail of data you leave behind when using digital services, including social media posts, website visits, and online transactions. It can be active or passive.
数字足迹 – 使用数字服务时留下的数据痕迹，包括社交媒体发帖、网站访问记录和在线交易。分为主动和被动。
8. Databases and Data Organisation | 数据库与数据组织
Database – A structured collection of data organised for easy access, management, and updating. Relational databases store data in tables linked by key fields.
数据库 – 为方便访问、管理和更新而组织起来的有结构的数据集合。关系型数据库将数据存储在通过键字段关联的表中。
Table, Record, Field – In a database, a table holds data about a subject, a record is a single row representing one entity, and a field is a single column representing an attribute.
表、记录、字段 – 在数据库中，表存放关于某一主题的数据；记录是代表一个实体的一行；字段是代表属性的单独一列。
Primary Key – A unique identifier for each record in a database table. It ensures no two records have the same key value, enabling fast searching and linking.
主键 – 数据库表中每条记录的唯一标识符。它确保没有两条记录拥有相同的主键值，实现快速搜索与关联。
Foreign Key – A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, creating a relationship between the two tables.
外键 – 一个表中引用另一个表主键的字段，在两个表之间创建关联。
Query – A request for data from a database using a query language like SQL. Queries can filter, sort, and combine information from one or more tables.
查询 – 使用查询语言（如 SQL）从数据库中请求数据的操作。查询可从一个或多个表中筛选、排序和组合信息。
Validation – The process of checking data against a set of rules as it is entered, to ensure it is sensible and acceptable (e.g., range check, format check).
数据验证 – 在数据录入时依据规则检查数据是否合理可接受（如范围检查、格式检查）。
9. Emerging Technologies and Trends | 新兴技术与发展趋势
Artificial Intelligence (AI) – The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These include learning, reasoning, and self-correction.
人工智能 (AI) – 用机器（尤其是计算机系统）模拟人类智能过程，包括学习、推理和自我纠正。
Machine Learning – A subset of AI where systems learn from data without being explicitly programmed, improving their performance over time.
机器学习 – 人工智能的一个子集，系统从数据中学习而无需明确编程，随着时间推移提升表现。
Internet of Things (IoT) – The network of physical objects (devices, vehicles, appliances) embedded with sensors and software that connect and exchange data over the internet.
物联网 (IoT) – 嵌有传感器和软件的物理对象（设备、车辆、家电）网络，通过互联网连接并交换数据。
Cloud Computing – Storing, managing, and processing data on remote servers hosted on the internet rather than on a local server or personal computer.
云计算 – 在互联网上的远程服务器上存储、管理和处理数据，而不是在本地服务器或个人电脑上。
Big Data – Extremely large datasets that are difficult to process using traditional methods; their analysis can reveal patterns, trends, and associations.
大数据 – 极其庞大的数据集，难以用传统方法处理；对其进行分析可揭示模式、趋势和关联。
Biometrics – Authentication techniques that rely on measurable physical characteristics, such as fingerprints, facial recognition, or iris scans.
生物识别 – 依赖可测量的身体特征（如指纹、面部识别、虹膜扫描）的身份验证技术。
10. Memorisation Tips for Key Vocabulary | 关键词汇速记技巧
Create flashcards – Write the term on one side and the definition in both English and Chinese on the other. Review daily using active recall.
制作闪卡 – 一面写术语，另一面写英文和中文定义。每天利用主动回忆复习。
Use the terms in context – Write a short paragraph or explain a concept aloud using at least three new terms. This builds meaningful associations.
在语境中使用术语 – 写一小段文字或口头解释一个概念，至少使用三个新术语。这能建立有意义的关联。
Group related terms – Organise words into categories (hardware, software, networking, etc.) as done in this guide. Mind maps help visualise connections.
分组关联 – 将词汇按类别（硬件、软件、网络等）组织，如同本指南所做。思维导图有助于可视化联系。
Teach someone else – Explaining a concept to a friend or family member forces you to clarify your understanding and reveals any gaps.
教别人 – 向朋友或家人解释一个概念，能迫使你理清自己的理解并暴露任何漏洞。
Use mnemonic devices – Create acronyms, rhymes, or funny sentences to remember tricky distinctions (e.g., 'Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain' for rainbow order – adapt to IT sequences).
使用记忆术 – 创造首字母缩写、押韵或有趣的句子来记住容易混淆的差别。
Practice past paper questions – Many exam questions define the context for vocabulary. Seeing terms applied in real scenarios improves long-term retention.
练习往年试题 – 许多考题为词汇提供具体情境。在真实场景中看到术语的应用能提升长期记忆。
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