📚 Year 9 SQA Psychology: Quick Guide to Key Terms and Definitions | 心理学词汇术语速记指南
Psychology has its own language, and building a solid vocabulary is the first step to thinking like a psychologist. This guide breaks down the must-know terms for Year 9 SQA Psychology into clear, bite-sized explanations, with memory tips to help you lock them in. Use it alongside your class notes to feel confident in discussion and assessment.
心理学有其独特的语言，建立扎实的词汇库是像心理学家一样思考的第一步。本指南将九年级 SQA 心理学的必学术语拆解为清晰、简短的说明，并配有记忆技巧，帮助你牢牢记住它们。与课堂笔记配合使用，让你在讨论和考试中充满信心。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. The word comes from the Greek 'psyche' (mind) and 'logos' (study). Psychologists use observation, experiments and questionnaires to gather evidence – this is what makes it a science, not just common sense.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。这个词来源于希腊语“psyche”（心灵）和“logos”（研究）。心理学家使用观察、实验和问卷等方法收集证据——这正是它成为科学的原因，而不仅仅是常识。
Key terms linked to the definition: behaviour (any action we can observe), mind (thoughts, feelings, memories that are internal), and science (a systematic way of gaining knowledge through evidence). Memory tip: think of a psychologist as a detective of the invisible – they infer what's going on inside from what we do and say.
与定义相关的关键术语：行为（我们可以观察到的任何动作）、心理（内在的思想、情感、记忆）以及科学（通过证据获取知识的系统方法）。记忆技巧：将心理学家想象成看不见事物的侦探——他们通过我们的言行推断内心活动。
2. Research Methods: The Toolkit | 研究方法：工具箱
To investigate behaviour, psychologists use different research methods. An experiment tests a prediction by changing one thing (the independent variable, IV) and measuring the effect on another (the dependent variable, DV). For example, 'Does music volume (IV) affect concentration test scores (DV)?'
为了研究行为，心理学家采用不同的研究方法。实验通过改变一件事（自变量，IV）并测量其对另一件事（因变量，DV）的影响来检验预测。例如，“音乐音量（自变量）是否会影响专注力测试成绩（因变量）？”
Other common methods: a survey uses questions to gather data from many people; an observation watches behaviour in natural or controlled settings; a case study looks in depth at one person or small group. Remember the mnemonic 'SOCK' – Survey, Observation, Case study, and (e)Kperiment with a K for 'key manipulation of variables'.
其他常用方法：调查通过问题从多人处收集数据；观察在自然或受控环境下观察行为；个案研究则深入研究一个人或一个小群体。记住助记符“SOCK”——Survey（调查）、Observation（观察）、Case study（个案研究）和（e）Kperiment（用K代表“关键变量操控”）。
3. The Ethics Puzzle | 伦理难题
Psychologists must follow ethical guidelines to protect participants. The key principles are informed consent (participants know what they are signing up for), confidentiality (their data stays private), right to withdraw (they can leave at any time), and protection from harm (no lasting physical or psychological damage).
心理学家必须遵循伦理准则以保护参与者。主要原则包括知情同意（参与者知道他们所要参与的是什么）、保密（他们的数据保持私密）、退出权（可随时退出）和免受伤害（不得造成持久的身体或心理伤害）。
If deception is used, a debrief is required where the true purpose is explained afterwards. A quick way to recall: the 4 C's – Consent, Confidentiality, Can quit (withdraw), and Care (no harm). Think of ethics as the rulebook that keeps the science human.
如果使用了欺骗，则需要进行事后解释，说明真实的实验目的。快速记忆法：4个C——Consent（同意）、Confidentiality（保密）、Can quit（可以退出）和 Care（关爱，免于伤害）。把伦理看作保持科学人性化的规则手册。
4. Memory: The Filing System | 记忆：档案系统
Memory is often described as a three-stage process: encoding (getting information in), storage (keeping it), and retrieval (getting it out). Two major types are short-term memory (STM) – a temporary, limited-capacity store – and long-term memory (LTM) – a vast, relatively permanent store.
记忆通常被描述为一个三阶段过程：编码（获取信息）、存储（保存信息）和提取（取出信息）。两大类型是短时记忆（STM）——暂时的、容量有限的储存——和长时记忆（LTM）——容量巨大、相对永久性的储存。
Capacity of STM is famously 7 ± 2 items (Miller’s Magic Number). Chunking helps – grouping digits like 20112022 into 20-11-2022 to remember a date. For LTM, semantic encoding (meaning-based) leads to better recall than rote repetition. Image a 'leaky bucket' for STM and a 'library' for LTM.
短时记忆的容量是著名的7 ± 2 个组块（米勒的魔法数字）。组块化有助于记忆——比如将 20112022 分成 20-11-2022 来记住一个日期。对于长时记忆，语义编码（基于意义）比机械重复更能促进回忆。把短时记忆想象成一个“漏水的桶”，长时记忆则像一座“图书馆”。
5. Forgetting and Remembering | 遗忘与记忆
Forgetting can occur because of decay (memory fades over time), displacement (new info pushes old out of STM), or interference (other memories get in the way). Proactive interference: old learning disrupts new. Retroactive: new learning disrupts old.
遗忘可能因为消退（记忆随时间淡化）、替换（新信息将旧信息挤出短时记忆）或干扰（其他记忆形成阻碍）。前摄干扰：旧知识干扰新知识；倒摄干扰：新知识干扰旧知识。
Context-dependent memory shows we recall better when in the same environment we learned the material – think of revising in the exam hall. State-dependent memory links recall to our internal state (e.g., mood, caffeine). Mnemonic: ‘DRIP’ – Decay, Replacement (displacement), Interference, and Place (context).
情境依赖记忆表明，当我们在与学习材料相同的环境中回忆时效果更好——想一想在考场里复习。 状态依赖记忆将回忆与我们的内部状态（如情绪、是否摄入咖啡因）联系起来。助记符：“DRIP”——Decay（消退）、Replacement（替换）、Interference（干扰）和 Place（情境）。
6. Brain and Behaviour | 大脑与行为
The brain is organised into areas with special functions – this is localisation of function. The frontal lobe handles thinking, decision-making and personality; the temporal lobe processes auditory information and memory; the occipital lobe is for vision; the parietal lobe integrates sensory info. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance.
大脑按功能区组织起来——这就是功能定位。 额叶负责思考、决策和人格；颞叶处理听觉信息和记忆；枕叶负责视觉；顶叶整合感觉信息；小脑协调运动和平衡。
Neurons are nerve cells that communicate via electrical impulses and chemicals called neurotransmitters. The synapse is the tiny gap between neurons where these chemicals cross. A simple way to remember lobes: 'FTOP' – like 'forward, top' – Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal.
神经元是通过电冲动和称为神经递质的化学物质进行通信的神经细胞。突触是神经元之间化学物质传递的微小间隙。记忆脑叶的简单方法：“FTOP”——就像“前面的顶部”——额叶 (Frontal)、颞叶 (Temporal)、枕叶 (Occipital)、顶叶 (Parietal)。
7. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief due to real or imagined group pressure. Asch's line study showed people agreeing with an obviously wrong group to fit in. Types: normative (to be liked) and informational (to be right).
从众是因真实或想象中的群体压力而导致行为或信念的改变。阿希的线条实验表明，人们会为了合群而同意明显错误的群体答案。类型包括：规范型（为了被喜欢）和信息型（为了做得正确）。
Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram’s classic study found ordinary people would deliver what they thought were severe electric shocks when told by an experimenter. Compare the two: conformity is peer pressure; obedience is authority pressure. Picture a 'copycat' for conformity and a 'robot' for obedience.
服从是指遵从权威人物直接下达的命令。米尔格拉姆的经典研究发现，普通人在实验者的命令下会施加他们认为严重的电击。比较两者：从众是同伴压力；服从是权威压力。可以把从众想象成“模仿猫”，把服从想象成“机器人”。
8. Attachment in Development | 发展中的依恋
Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver. It develops through stages: from asocial (0–6 weeks) to indiscriminate (6 weeks – 7 months), then specific (7–9 months) where separation anxiety appears, and finally multiple attachments.
依恋是婴儿与其主要照顾者之间强烈的情感纽带。它经历几个阶段：从非社交性阶段（0–6周）到无差别依恋阶段（6周–7个月），再到特定依恋阶段（7–9个月）出现分离焦虑，最后是多重依恋阶段。
Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation identified attachment types: secure (explores, upset when mother leaves, happy on return), insecure-avoidant (ignores mother), and insecure-resistant (clingy, angry). Remember by 'SIR' – Secure, Insecure-avoidant, Resistant. Attachment is like an emotional blueprint for future relationships.
玛丽·安斯沃思的陌生情境实验划分了依恋类型：安全型（探索环境，母亲离开时不安，回来时高兴）、不安全-回避型（忽视母亲）和不安全-反抗型（粘人、生气）。用“SIR”记忆——Secure（安全）、Insecure-avoidant（不安全-回避）、Resistant（反抗）。依恋就像未来人际关系的情感蓝图。
9. Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Stages | 认知发展：皮亚杰的阶段论
Jean Piaget proposed that children actively construct their understanding through schemas (mental frameworks). They use assimilation (fitting new into existing schemas) and accommodation (changing schemas for new info). Four stages: sensorimotor (0–2, object permanence), preoperational (2–7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7–11, conservation, logical thought about concrete objects), and formal operational (11+, abstract reasoning).
让·皮亚杰提出，儿童通过图式（心理框架）主动构建自己的理解。他们运用同化（将新信息纳入现有图式）和顺应（改变图式以容纳新信息）。四个阶段：感知运动阶段（0–2岁，客体永久性）、前运算阶段（2–7岁，自我中心、象征性游戏）、具体运算阶段（7–11岁，守恒、对具体事物的逻辑思考）和形式运算阶段（11岁以上，抽象推理）。
Quick recall: the mnemonic 'Some People Can Fly' – Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal. An image: a child who hasn't reached conservation thinks a tall thin glass has more liquid than a short wide one with the same amount.
快速记忆：助记句“Some People Can Fly”——Sensorimotor（感知运动）、Preoperational（前运算）、Concrete（具体运算）、Formal（形式运算）。想象一幅画面：一个还未达到守恒的孩子认为，同样多的液体在又高又细的杯子里要比在又矮又宽的杯子里多。
10. Mental Health Terms | 心理健康术语
Mental health is about our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Key terms include stress (the body’s response to pressure), anxiety (a feeling of worry or fear), depression (persistent low mood and loss of interest), and resilience (ability to bounce back from adversity).
心理健康关乎我们的情感、心理和社交福祉。关键术语包括压力（身体对压力的反应）、焦虑（担忧或恐惧的感觉）、抑郁（持续的情绪低落和兴趣丧失）以及心理弹性（从逆境中恢复的能力）。
The stress response involves physiological changes like increased heart rate (the 'fight or flight' response). A stressor is the thing causing stress. The Yerkes-Dodson law shows performance increases with arousal up to a point, then declines. Picture stress as an upside-down U. Remember: 'SAD' – Stress-Anxiety-Depression – and Resilience rises above.
应激反应涉及到心率加快等生理变化（“战斗或逃跑”反应）。压力源是引起压力的事物。耶克斯-多德森定律表明，表现随唤醒程度的提高而上升，达到某一点后则下降。把压力想象成一个倒置的U形曲线。记住：“SAD”——Stress（压力）、Anxiety（焦虑）、Depression（抑郁）——而 Resilience（心理弹性）能凌驾其上。
11. Perception and Illusions | 感知与错觉
Perception is how we interpret sensory information to understand the world. It's different from sensation, which is just the raw data from senses. Our brain uses top-down processing (using expectations and past experience) and bottom-up processing (building up from basic features) to make sense of inputs.
知觉是我们如何解释感觉信息以理解世界。它不同于感觉，后者只是来自感官的原始数据。我们的大脑利用自上而下的加工（使用预期和过往经验）和自下而上的加工（从基本特征构建）来理解输入信息。
Visual illusions reveal perception's tricks: the Müller-Lyer illusion (arrows make lines look different lengths) and the Ames room (a distorted room making people appear different sizes). Think of perception as the brain's 'guesswork'. Mnemonic for types: 'Top-Down is brain-driven, Bottom-Up starts from data.'
视错觉揭示了知觉的花招：缪勒-莱耶错觉（箭头使线条看起来长度不同）和艾姆斯房间（变形的房间让人看起来大小不同）。把知觉想象成大脑的“猜测游戏”。加工类型的记忆法：“自上而下是大脑驱动，自下而上从数据开始。”
12. Glossary Speed-Recall Grid | 词汇快速回忆网格
Use this summary table for a quick self-test. Cover one column and try to recall the other.
使用下面的总结表格进行快速自测。遮住一列，尝试回忆另一列的内容。
| Term | 术语 | Definition | 定义 | Memory Aid | 记忆辅助 |
|---|---|---|
| Independent Variable | 自变量 | What you change | 你改变的东西 | I Change – IV |
| Dependent Variable | 因变量 | What you measure | 你测量的东西 | Depends on IV – DV |
| Conformity | 从众 | Group pressure changes behaviour | 群体压力改变行为 | 'Copycat' – fit in |
| Obedience | 服从 | Following direct orders | 遵从直接命令 | 'Robot' – obey authority |
| Short-term Memory | 短时记忆 | Limited capacity, brief storage | 容量有限，短暂存储 | Leaky bucket 7±2 |
| Long-term Memory | 长时记忆 | Vast, permanent store | 庞大、永久存储 | Library of meaning |
| Neurotransmitter | 神经递质 | Chemical messenger in brain | 大脑中的化学信使 | 'Postman' across synapse |
| Attachment | 依恋 | Emotional bond with caregiver | 与照顾者的情感纽带 | Emotional blueprint |
| Schema | 图式 | Mental framework | 心理框架 | Filing cabinet in head |
| Perception | 知觉 | Interpreting sensory input | 解释感觉输入 | Brain's best guess |
Cover the middle column and see how many you can define fluently. Repeated rehearsal moves terms into long-term memory.
遮住中间一列，看看你能流利地定义多少。反复练习有助于将术语转入长时记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图