📚 Year 9 SQA Science: Glossary Quick-Reference Guide | 九年级 SQA 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Science can feel like a whole new language, but once you crack the code, everything clicks. This guide is designed to help you master the key terms you'll encounter in Year 9 SQA Science. Each term comes with a clear definition and a simple memory trick, so you can recall it fast when it matters most – whether you are tackling biology, chemistry, or physics.
科学有时就像一门全新的语言，但一旦你破解了密码，一切都会变得清晰。本指南旨在帮助你掌握九年级 SQA 科学课程中的关键术语。每个术语都配有清晰的定义和简单的记忆技巧，让你在关键时刻——无论是面对生物、化学还是物理——都能快速回忆起来。
1. Cells and Life Processes | 细胞与生命过程
Cell: The smallest unit of life that can function independently. Think of a cell as a tiny, self-contained factory. Every brick in a skyscraper is like a cell in your body.
细胞：能够独立运作的最小生命单位。把细胞想象成一个微型、独立的工厂。摩天大楼中的每一块砖都好比是你身体里的一个细胞。
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA). Memory trick: the 'nucleus' is the 'nucleus' of operations, like a head office telling the cell what to do.
细胞核：细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA）。记忆技巧：“核”就是“核心”，像总部一样告诉细胞该做什么。
Mitochondria: Organelles where respiration takes place, releasing energy from food. The rhyme 'mighty mitochondria' reminds you they are the powerhouse, converting glucose into usable energy.
线粒体：进行呼吸作用、从食物中释放能量的细胞器。“线粒体”谐音“能量提”，帮你记住它是提供能量的“发电站”。
Respiration: The chemical process inside cells that changes glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and energy. Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O. Not the same as breathing! Remember it as the slow 'burning' of fuel inside you.
呼吸作用：细胞内将葡萄糖和氧气转化为二氧化碳、水和能量的化学过程。方程式：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O。它不同于呼吸！记得它是你体内缓慢的“燃料燃烧”。
2. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element. 'A-tom' sounds like 'a tiny bit', because atoms are unimaginably small.
原子：具有元素性质的最小粒子。“原子”好比一个不能再分的基本单元，微小到难以想象。
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom. All the squares on the periodic table are elements. Think of them as the building blocks of matter – you can't break them down into something simpler.
元素：仅由一种原子组成的纯物质。周期表上的每一个方格都是一个元素。它们是物质的基本构件，无法被分解成更简单的物质。
Compound: A substance made of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together. Water (H₂O) is a compound. Memory: elements are like single letters, compounds are like words made from different letters.
化合物：由两种或多种不同原子通过化学键结合而成的物质。水（H₂O）就是化合物。记忆：元素好比单个字母，化合物则是由不同字母组成的单词。
Periodic Table: A chart organising all known elements by increasing atomic number and similar properties. To remember the layout, learn that metals live on the left and centre, non-metals on the right.
周期表：将所有已知元素按原子序数递增和相似性质排列的图表。记住它的布局：金属住在左边和中间，非金属住在右边。
3. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应
Reactant: A substance that takes part in and is changed by a chemical reaction. In a recipe, reactants are your ingredients. They go into the reaction.
反应物：参与化学反应并被改变的物质。在食谱中，反应物就是你的原料，它们进入反应中。
Product: The new substance formed during a chemical reaction. If reactants are flour and eggs, the product is the cake. Products are what you get out.
生成物：化学反应中形成的新物质。如果反应物是面粉和鸡蛋，生成物就是蛋糕。生成物是你得到的东西。
Acid: A substance with a pH less than 7 that donates hydrogen ions (H⁺). Tasting sour is a clue – lemons contain citric acid. Lab acids must never be tasted.
酸：pH 值小于 7、能提供氢离子（H⁺）的物质。尝起来酸是一个线索——柠檬含柠檬酸。实验室中的酸绝不可以品尝。
Neutralisation: A reaction between an acid and a base (or alkali) that produces salt and water. The general equation: acid + base → salt + water. Think of it as cancelling out opposites – acid and base neutralise each other.
中和反应：酸和碱（或可溶性碱）之间生成盐和水的反应。通式：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。想象成性质相反的双方相互抵消。
4. Forces and Their Effects | 力及其作用
Force: A push or a pull that can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Measured in newtons (N). Just remember 'force is a push or pull' – simple!
力：能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉。单位是牛顿（N）。记住“力就是推或拉”就够了。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. Walking relies on friction between your shoes and the ground. Think of ‘friction fights motion’ – the two Fs go together.
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。走路依赖鞋底与地面的摩擦力。联想“摩擦反抗运动（Friction fights motion）”，两个 F 字母一起记。
Resultant Force: The overall force acting on an object when all forces are combined. If forces are balanced, resultant force is zero. An unbalanced resultant force causes acceleration. Picture a tug-of-war; the resultant force decides who wins.
合力：所有力合成后作用在物体上的总力。若力平衡，合力为零。不平衡的合力导致加速。想象一场拔河比赛，合力决定谁赢。
Weight: The force of gravity acting on an object' tional field strength (N/kg). On Earth, gravity ≈ 10 N/kg. Do not confuse weight with mass!
重量：作用在物体质量上的重力。重量(N) = 质量(kg) × 重力场强度(N/kg)。地球上的重力场强度≈10 N/kg。不要把重量与质量混淆！
5. Energy Transfers and Electricity | 能量转移与电
Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion. The faster it moves, the more kinetic energy it has. Think of 'kinetic' as 'moving' – like a running kid.
动能：物体由于运动而拥有的能量。运动越快，动能越大。把“动”和“能”连在一起想，跑动的孩子就有动能。
Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position or shape. A raised hammer has gravitational potential energy. 'Potential' means 'ready to happen' – energy waiting to be used.
势能：因位置或形状而储存的能量。举高的锤子拥有重力势能。“势”意味着“蓄势待发”——等待被使用的能量。
Electric Current: The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a circuit, current is like the flow of water through a pipe. The symbol I is used in formulas.
电流：电荷的流动，单位为安培（A）。在电路中，电流就像管道中的水流。公式中使用符号 I。
Voltage (Potential Difference): The 'push' that drives current around a circuit, measured in volts (V). Think of voltage as the pressure that pushes electrons through wires. Higher voltage means a stronger push.
电压（电势差）：推动电流在电路中流动的“推力”，单位为伏特（V）。将电压想象成推动电子通过导线的压力。电压越高，推力越强。
Resistance: A measure of how much a component opposes current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). A thin wire has more resistance than a thick wire. Symbol: R. Memory: resistance resists the current, slowing it down.
电阻：衡量元件对电流阻碍作用的大小的量，单位是欧姆（Ω）。细导线的电阻大于粗导线。符号 R。记忆：电阻阻碍电流，让它慢下来。
6. States of Matter and the Particle Model | 物质状态与粒子模型
Solid: State of matter with a fixed shape and volume; particles vibrate in fixed positions. The word 'solid' reminds you it is solid and steady. Particles are packed tightly.
固体：具有固定形状和体积的物质状态；粒子在固定位置振动。“固体”听起来就很结实坚固。粒子排列紧密。
Liquid: State of matter that has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container; particles move around each other. Think of liquid as 'flowing' – particles slip past one another.
液体：有固定体积但形状随容器的物质状态；粒子可以相互滑动。想象液体是“流动的”——粒子彼此滑过。
Gas: State of matter with no fixed shape or volume; particles move rapidly in all directions. Gases spread out to fill any space. Picture party balloons – the helium gas fills the whole balloon.
气体：没有固定形状和体积的物质状态；粒子快速向各个方向运动。气体会扩散充满任何空间。想象派对气球——氦气会充满整个气球。
Particle Model: A simplified representation that explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases by assuming matter is made of tiny, constantly moving particles. Key rule: the hotter the substance, the faster the particles move.
粒子模型：通过假设物质由不断运动的微小粒子构成，来解释固体、液体和气体性质的简化模型。关键规则：物质越热，粒子运动越快。
7. Waves, Sound and Light | 波、声音与光
Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter. Light and sound both travel as waves. Think of a Mexican wave in a stadium – energy moves, but people don't.
波：将能量从一个地方传递到另一个地方而不传递物质的扰动。光和声音都以波的形式传播。想想体育场里的人浪——能量在移动，但人没有移动。
Amplitude: The maximum distance a point on a wave moves from its rest position. Larger amplitude means louder sound or brighter light. 'Amplitude' sounds like 'amplify' – boosting the wave height.
振幅：波上的点离开平衡位置的最大距离。振幅越大，声音越响或光越亮。“振幅”可以联想为“振奋幅度”，提高波的高度。
Frequency ng a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). High frequency = high pitch sound. Remember 'frequent' means often – how many waves frequently pass by.
频率：每秒通过某点的完整波的数量，单位为赫兹（Hz）。高频率=高音调。记住，“频”就是“频繁”，表示波通过得有多频繁。
Reflection: The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface it cannot pass through. A mirror reflects light; an echo reflects sound. Law of reflection: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection.
反射：波遇到无法穿过的表面时反弹回来的现象。镜子反射光；回声反射声音。反射定律：入射角等于反射角。
8. Ecosystems and Interdependence | 生态系统与相互依存
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. A pond, a forest or even a rotting log can be an ecosystem. Think of it as an 'eco-system' – a system of ecology.
生态系统：生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用的统一整体。一个池塘、一片森林甚至一段腐烂的木头都可以是生态系统。把它理解为“生态的系统”。
Producer: An organism that makes its own food, usually through photosynthesis. Green plants are producers. Memory: producers produce the food that starts food chains. They are the 'breadwinners' of the ecosystem.
生产者：通常通过光合作用自己制造食物的生物。绿色植物就是生产者。记忆：生产者生产食物，是食物链的起点。它们是生态系统的“面包提供者”。
Consumer: An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms. Animals are consumers. They 'consume' what producers made. Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores are all consumers.
消费者：通过吃其他生物获取能量的生物。动物是消费者。它们“消费”生产者制造的食物。食草动物、食肉动物和杂食动物都是消费者。
Food Web: A network of interconnected food chains showing feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Arrows show the flow of energy from one organism to another. A web is more realistic than a single chain because most organisms eat more than one type of food.
食物网：由相互关联的食物链组成的网络，展示生态系统中的捕食关系。箭头表示能量从一个生物流向另一个生物。网比单一食物链更真实，因为大多数生物不只吃一种食物。
9. Earth and Atmosphere | 地球与大气层
Curst: The thin, outermost solid layer of Earth where we live. It is made of rock and is broken into tectonic plates. Think of it as the crisp crust of a pie – Earth's crunchy outer skin.
地壳：我们居住的地球最外层薄薄的固体层。它由岩石构成，并被分为构造板块。把它想象成馅饼的脆皮——地球松脆的外皮。
Mantle: The thick layer of semi-solid rock beneath the crust. It moves slowly due to convection currents, causing plate movement. 'Mantle' rhymes with 'candle' – it can flow slowly like melted wax.
地幔：地壳下面厚厚的半固体岩石层。它由于对流而缓慢移动，导致板块运动。“幔”可以联想为“慢”，它像熔化的蜡一样缓慢流动。
Rock Cycle: A continuous process explaining how rocks change from one type to another – igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Processes include weathering, erosion, melting and cooling. Remember it as a lifelong recycling journey for rocks.
岩石循环：解释岩石如何从一种类型（火成岩、沉积岩和变质岩）变成另一种的连续过程。过程包括风化、侵蚀、熔化和冷却。记住这是岩石永恒的循环旅行。
Atmosphere Composition: Earth's air is roughly 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, plus trace gases and water vapour. Use the phrase 'Nearly 80% N, around 20% O' to recall the percentages.
大气层成分：地球空气大约由 78% 的氮气、21% 的氧气、0.04% 的二氧化碳以及微量气体和水蒸气组成。用“氮约八，氧约二”来记忆百分比。
10. Scientific Investigation Terminology | 科学研究术语
Hypothesis: A testable prediction or explanation for an observation. It often takes the form 'If... then... because...'. 'Hypo' means below and 'thesis' means placing – it's your initial take before you test.
假设：对观察结果可检验的预测或解释。常用“如果……那么……因为……”的形式。“假”表示暂时，“设”表示设定，它是你在测试之前的初步设想。
Independent Variable: The factor you deliberately change in an experiment. Memory: I change the Independent variable, so 'I' stands for the one you control.
自变量：实验中你故意改变的因素。记忆：自变量的“自”意为“自己”——自己主动改变的量。
Dependent Variable: The factor you measure or observe; its value depends on the independent variable. 'Dependent' depends on what you changed. It is the result.
因变量：你测量或观察的因素；其值依赖于自变量。因变量的“因”即“因为”，它随着你改变的量而变化，是结果。
Control Variable: A variable that must be kept the same to make the experiment a fair test. If you test light, keep temperature and water identical. Think 'control' as keeping everything else constant.
控制变量：必须保持不变的变量，以确保实验的公平性。如果你测试光，就要保持温度和水份相同。把“控制”理解为控制其他一切不变。
Fair Test: An investigation where only the independent variable is changed, all other variables are controlled, and the dependent variable is measured accurately. This ensures the results are reliable.
公平测试：只改变自变量、控制所有其他变量并准确测量因变量的实验。这能确保结果可靠。记住公平测试的“三要素”——自变量唯一、控制变量不变、因变量测量。
Reliability: The extent to which results can be repeated under the same conditions to get consistent outcomes. Repeating an experiment and averaging the results improves reliability. Think 'rely' – you can rely on reliable data.
可靠性：在相同条件下重复实验能得到一致结果的程度。重复实验并取平均值可以提高可靠性。联想到“可靠”——你可以依赖可靠的数据。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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