📚 Year 9 SQA Biology: Vocab & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 9 SQA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering SQA Year 9 Biology begins with a solid grasp of key vocabulary. This quick-reference guide breaks down the essential terms you will encounter in topics such as cells, enzymes, genetics, ecology, and human health. Each section pairs the English term with its clear definition and its Chinese equivalent, helping you build a bilingual understanding that deepens learning and exam performance.
掌握 SQA Year 9 生物学的第一步，是牢固掌握关键词汇。本速记指南分解了你在细胞、酶、遗传学、生态学和人类健康等主题中会遇到的基本术语。每个部分都将英文术语与其清晰定义和中文对应词配对，帮助你建立双语理解，从而深化学习并提高考试成绩。
1. Cells and Organelles | 细胞与细胞器
All living things are made of cells, the basic structural and functional units of life. In the cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance, you will find specialised structures called organelles. The nucleus controls the cell's activities and contains genetic material. Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Ribosomes synthesise proteins. Plant cells also have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap. Animal cells lack these three features but contain centrioles during cell division.
所有生物都由细胞构成，细胞是生命的基本结构和功能单位。在胶状细胞质中，你能够找到被称为细胞器的特化结构。细胞核控制着细胞的活动并含有遗传物质。线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。核糖体合成蛋白质。植物细胞还拥有由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁、进行光合作用的叶绿体，以及充满细胞液的大液泡。动物细胞缺少这三种结构，但在细胞分裂时会出现中心粒。
- Nucleus – 细胞核：controls cell activities
- Mitochondria – 线粒体：release energy through respiration
- Ribosomes – 核糖体：protein synthesis
- Cell membrane – 细胞膜：selectively permeable barrier
- Cell wall – 细胞壁：provides support in plants
- Chloroplasts – 叶绿体：absorb light energy for photosynthesis
- Vacuole – 液泡：stores water and solutes
2. Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport | 扩散、渗透和主动运输
Substances move in and out of cells by three main processes. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient; it is passive and requires no energy. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion, involving water molecules moving across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential. Active transport, in contrast, moves substances against the concentration gradient using energy from ATP. Carrier proteins in the membrane are essential for active transport.
物质通过三种主要过程进出细胞。扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动，顺浓度梯度进行；这一过程是被动的，不需要能量。渗透是扩散的一种特殊形式，指水分子通过半透膜从较高水势区域向较低水势区域运动。主动运输则与之相反，利用 ATP 提供的能量逆浓度梯度移动物质。膜上的载体蛋白对于主动运输至关重要。
| Process | Energy Required? | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion | No | Down gradient |
| Osmosis | No | Down water potential gradient |
| Active Transport | Yes (ATP) | Against gradient |
3. Enzymes | 酶
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of protein. They speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being used up. Each enzyme has an active site with a specific shape, complementary to its substrate. This is described by the lock-and-key model. Factors such as temperature and pH affect enzyme activity: each enzyme works best at an optimum temperature and pH. Denaturation occurs when high temperatures or extreme pH break the weak bonds holding the enzyme's shape, so the active site no longer fits the substrate.
酶是由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂。它们加速生物体内的化学反应，而自身不被消耗。每种酶都有一个特定形状的活性位点，与底物形成互补——这可以用锁钥模型来描述。温度和 pH 等因素会影响酶的活性：每种酶都有其最适温度和最适 pH。当高温或极端 pH 破坏了维持酶形状的弱键时，就会发生变性，此时活性位点不再与底物匹配。
Substrate + Enzyme → Enzyme-substrate complex → Products + Enzyme
4. DNA and Genes | DNA 与基因
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that carries the genetic blueprint for life. The structure of DNA is a double helix, with two strands held together by complementary base pairs: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). A gene is a specific sequence of DNA bases that codes for a particular protein. Chromosomes, found in the nucleus, are long, coiled strands of DNA containing many genes. The human body cell has 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.
脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）是承载生命遗传蓝图的分子。DNA 的结构为双螺旋，两条链通过互补碱基对结合在一起：腺嘌呤（A）与胸腺嘧啶（T）配对，胞嘧啶（C）与鸟嘌呤（G）配对。基因是编码特定蛋白质的一段特定 DNA 碱基序列。染色体位于细胞核中，是含有许多基因的长链 DNA 卷曲形成。人体细胞含有 46 条染色体，形成 23 对。
- DNA – 脱氧核糖核酸：genetic material
- Gene – 基因：section of DNA coding for a protein
- Chromosome – 染色体：coiled structure of DNA
- Base pair – 碱基对：A–T, C–G
5. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传学与遗传
Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Alleles are different forms of the same gene. A dominant allele is expressed even if only one copy is present, while a recessive allele requires two copies to be expressed. The genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual, and the phenotype is the observable characteristic. In monohybrid crosses, a Punnett square can predict the probability of offspring genotypes. Homozygous means having two identical alleles (AA or aa); heterozygous means having two different alleles (Aa).
遗传学研究的是性状如何从亲代传递给子代。等位基因是同一基因的不同形式。显性等位基因即使只有一个拷贝也会表达，而隐性等位基因需要两个拷贝才能表达。基因型是个体的基因组成，表型是可观察到的特征。在单基因杂交中，旁氏表可用来预测子代基因型的概率。纯合子指拥有两个相同等位基因（AA 或 aa）；杂合子指拥有两个不同等位基因（Aa）。
6. Photosynthesis and Respiration | 光合作用与呼吸作用
uation is: Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll). Respiration is the release of energy from glucose. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of ATP. The summary equation is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy). Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid, while in yeast it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation).
光合作用是绿色植物利用光能、二氧化碳和水产生葡萄糖和氧气的过程。用文字方程式表示为：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（在光和叶绿素存在下）。呼吸作用是从葡萄糖中释放能量。有氧呼吸利用氧气，产生二氧化碳、水以及大量 ATP。总结方程式为：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。动物细胞的无氧呼吸产生乳酸，而酵母的无氧呼吸则产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。
Photosynthesis: CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ (light energy)
Aerobic respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + energy
7. Ecosystems and Food Chains | 生态系统与食物链
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with non-living (abiotic) components of their environment. A habitat is the place where an organism lives. A food chain shows the transfer of energy from one organism to another; it always starts with a producer (usually a green plant). Consumers eat other organisms: primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on. Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead matter and recycle nutrients back into the soil. Pyramids of numbers and biomass represent trophic levels in a graphical form.
生态系统是由生物群落（生物因素）与其环境中的非生物（非生物）成分相互作用构成的。栖息地是生物生活的地方。食物链显示能量从一个生物体传递到另一个生物体；它总以生产者（通常是绿色植物）为起点。消费者以其他生物为食：初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者，以此类推。分解者（细菌和真菌）分解死去的物质并将养分回收至土壤。数量和生物量金字塔以图形表示营养级。
| Producer | 生产者 | Makes own food by photosynthesis |
| Consumer | 消费者 | Eats other organisms |
| Decomposer | 分解者 | Breaks down dead material |
8. Classification of Living Things | 生物分类
Biologists classify organisms into groups based on shared characteristics. The main kingdoms are: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, and Prokaryotes (bacteria). Within each kingdom, organisms are further sorted into phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The binomial naming system uses the genus and species names to give each organism a universal scientific name, e.g., Homo sapiens for humans. This system, developed by Carl Linnaeus, helps avoid confusion caused by common names.
生物学家根据共同特征将生物分门别类。主要的界有：动物、植物、真菌、原生生物和原核生物（细菌）。在每个界内部，生物进一步被归入门、纲、目、科、属、种。双名法使用属名和种名为每种生物赋予一个通用的科学名称，例如，人类的学名为 Homo sapiens。这一由卡尔·林奈开发的体系，有助于避免俗名带来的混淆。
9. Reproduction | 生殖
Reproduction can be asexual or sexual. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring (clones). Examples include binary fission in bacteria, budding in yeast, and tubers in potatoes. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg in animals, pollen and ovule in flowering plants) to form a zygote, which develops into an embryo. This process gives rise to genetic variation among offspring, which is advantageous for survival in changing environments.
生殖可以分为无性生殖和有性生殖。无性生殖只需要一个亲本，产生基因完全相同的子代（克隆）。例如细菌的二分裂、酵母的出芽生殖，以及马铃薯的块茎繁殖。有性生殖涉及雌雄配子（动物的精子和卵子，开花植物的花粉和胚珠）融合，形成合子，进而发育成胚胎。这一过程导致子代间出现遗传变异，对于在变化的环境中生存具有优势。
10. Health and Disease | 健康与疾病
A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease. The four main types are viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists. The body defends itself through physical barriers like skin, chemical barriers like stomach acid, and the immune system. White blood cells produce antibodies and engulf pathogens. Vaccination introduces a dead or weakened form of a pathogen, triggering the immune system to produce memory cells, so that a future encounter with the same pathogen is fought off quickly. Antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not viruses.
病原体是引起疾病的微生物。四大主要类型为病毒、细菌、真菌和原生生物。人体通过皮肤等物理屏障、胃酸等化学屏障以及免疫系统进行防御。白细胞会制造抗体并吞噬病原体。疫苗接种引入死去的或减毒的病原体，触发免疫系统产生记忆细胞，这样当未来再次遇到同一病原体时就能迅速将其击退。抗生素对细菌有效，但对病毒无效。
- Pathogen – 病原体：disease-causing organism
- Antibody – 抗体：protein that neutralises pathogens
- Immunity – 免疫力：body's ability to resist infection
- Antibiotic – 抗生素：medicine that kills bacteria
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