📚 Year 9 CIE Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | 9年级 CIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Psychology is full of specific terms that can seem overwhelming at first, but mastering them is your ticket to describing, explaining, and evaluating human behaviour with precision. This quick-memorisation guide breaks down the core Year 9 CIE vocabulary into logical chunks, giving you simple definitions, memory hooks, and clear examples so that every term sticks.
心理学充满了看似令人头疼的专业术语，但掌握它们是精准描述、解释和评价人类行为的关键。这份速记指南将 9 年级 CIE 核心词汇拆分成逻辑清晰的模块，为你提供简明定义、记忆钩子和清晰的例子，让每一个术语都牢牢印在脑海里。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. The word comes from Greek 'psyche' (mind/soul) and 'logos' (study). Think of it as using systematic methods to answer questions like 'Why do we forget things?' or 'How do we learn fears?' It is not just common sense — it relies on evidence gathered through research.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。这个词来源于希腊语的 'psyche'（心灵/灵魂）和 'logos'（学问）。可以把它理解为用系统的方法去回答诸如 '我们为什么会忘记事情？' 或 '我们是如何学会恐惧的？' 等问题。它不是简单的常识，而是依赖于通过研究收集的证据。
A quick way to remember the scope is the ABC model: Affect (feelings), Behaviour (actions), and Cognition (thoughts). Every topic you study will fit into one or more of these three components.
一个快速记忆其范围的诀窍是 ABC 模型：情感（感受）、行为（行动）和认知（思维）。你学习的每一个主题都会落入这三个部分中的一个或多个。
2. Independent and Dependent Variables | 自变量与因变量
In any experiment, the independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. The dependent variable (DV) is what gets measured — it 'depends' on the IV. A helpful mnemonic: 'I change the IV, then I record the DV.'
在任何实验中，自变量 (IV) 是研究者特意改变或操纵的因素。因变量 (DV) 是被测量的结果——它 '取决于' 自变量。一个有用的记忆口诀是：'我先改变 IV，然后记录 DV。'
For example, if you are testing whether background music affects concentration, the IV is the presence or type of music, and the DV might be the number of correct answers on a puzzle. Always ask yourself: what am I manipulating? (IV) What am I measuring? (DV).
例如，如果你在测试背景音乐是否影响专注力，IV 就是音乐的有无或类型，DV 可能是解谜的正确数量。永远问自己：我在操纵什么？(IV) 我在测量什么？(DV)
3. Hypothesis and Operationalisation | 假设与操作化
A hypothesis is a clear, testable prediction about the relationship between variables. It is not a wild guess but a statement that can be supported or refuted by data. Usually you will write an alternative hypothesis (predicting an effect) and a null hypothesis (predicting no effect or a chance effect).
假设是关于变量之间关系的一种清晰、可检验的预测。它不是随意的猜测，而是一个可以被数据支持或推翻的陈述。通常你会写出备择假设（预测有效应）和零假设（预测无效应或随机效应）。
Operationalisation means defining your variables in precise, measurable terms. You cannot simply say 'memory' — you must specify how memory will be tested, such as 'number of words recalled from a list of 20 after a 2-minute delay'. Without operationalisation, an experiment cannot be replicated.
操作化是指用精确、可测量的术语来定义变量。你不能简单地说 '记忆'——你必须具体说明记忆如何被测试，例如 '在 2 分钟延迟后从 20 个单词列表中回忆起的单词数量'。没有操作化，实验就无法被重复。
4. Experimental Design Types | 实验设计类型
There are three major experimental designs you must know. In independent groups design, different participants are used in each condition, so you avoid order effects, but you risk participant variables (individual differences) affecting results.
你必须了解三种主要的实验设计。在独立组设计中，每个条件使用不同的参与者，这样避免了顺序效应，但风险在于参与者变量（个体差异）可能影响结果。
In repeated measures design, the same participants take part in all conditions. This controls for individual differences perfectly, but order effects such as fatigue or practice may distort findings. Counterbalancing can help reduce these order effects.
在重复测量设计中，相同的参与者参加所有条件。这完美地控制了个体差异，但疲劳或练习等顺序效应可能会扭曲结果。平衡法有助于减少这些顺序效应。
In matched pairs design, participants are paired on a key trait (e.g., IQ) and then split into different conditions. It works like a compromise: it reduces participant variables without needing the same person twice, but matching is never perfect.
在匹配对设计中，参与者根据某个关键特征（如智商）进行配对，然后被分到不同的条件中。这像一个折中方案：它减少了参与者变量，又不需要同一个人做两次，但匹配永远无法做到完美。
5. Qualitative and Quantitative Data | 定性与定量数据
Quantitative data is numerical information — scores, reaction times, number of items recalled. It is easy to analyse statistically and to present in graphs, but it may lack depth and overlook the 'why' behind behaviour.
定量数据是数值信息——分数、反应时间、回忆起的项目数量。它方便进行统计分析并用图表呈现，但可能缺乏深度，忽略行为背后的 '为什么'。
Qualitative data is descriptive, non-numerical information — interview transcripts, open-ended questionnaire answers, diary entries. It captures richness and personal meaning, but analysing it is more time-consuming and open to subjective interpretation.
定性数据是描述性的、非数值的信息——访谈记录、开放式问卷回答、日记条目。它捕捉到了丰富性和个人意义，但分析起来更耗时，且容易受到主观解读的影响。
ality (words and meanings). Most modern research uses a mix of both, called mixed methods.
记住：定量 = 数量（数字）；定性 = 性质（文字和意义）。大多数现代研究将两者结合使用，称为混合方法。
6. Key Approaches: Biological | 主要取向：生物心理学
The biological approach explains behaviour in terms of brain structures, neurochemistry, hormones, and genetic inheritance. Key terms include neurotransmitter (chemical messenger, e.g., serotonin), brain localisation (specific functions linked to specific brain areas), and genotype/phenotype (genetic makeup vs. observable traits).
生物学取向从大脑结构、神经化学、激素和遗传的角度解释行为。关键术语包括神经递质（化学信使，如血清素）、脑功能定位（特定功能与特定脑区相关联）和基因型/表现型（基因构成与可观察特征）。
Think of it as the 'hardware' s of the hormone testosterone or activity in the amygdala. Mnemonic: Bio = body and brain.
把它想成 '硬件' 取向。如果你在研究攻击性，生物心理学家可能会调查睾酮激素水平或杏仁核的活动。记忆口诀：Bio = 身体与大脑。
7. Key Approaches: Cognitive | 主要取向：认知心理学
The cognitive approach focuses on internal mental processes like perception, memory, attention, and problem-solving. It compares the mind to a computer — input, processing, storage, and output — and uses models such as the multi-store model of memory to explain how information flows.
认知取向关注感知、记忆、注意力和问题解决等内部心理过程。它将大脑比作计算机——输入、加工、存储和输出——并使用诸如记忆的多重储存模型来解释信息流动。
Key vocabulary: schema (a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that helps us organise information), encoding (transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored), and retrieval (accessing stored information). Schemas can lead to memory distortions, which shows how our mental 'software' is not always accurate.
关键词汇：图式（帮助我们组织信息的信念和期望的心理框架）、编码（将感官输入转化为可储存的形式）和提取（获取已存储的信息）。图式可能导致记忆扭曲，这表明我们的心理 '软件' 并不总是准确的。
8. Key Approaches: Behavioural | 主要取向：行为主义心理学
The behavioural approach claims that only observable behaviour should be studied, not hidden mental states. It emphasises learning through association (classical conditioning) and consequences (operant conditioning). Two giants: Pavlov (dogs salivating to a bell) and Skinner (rats pressing levers for rewards).
行为主义取向主张只应研究可观察的行为，而非隐藏的心理状态。它强调通过联结（经典条件反射）和后果（操作性条件反射）进行学习。两位巨擘：巴甫洛夫（狗听到铃声分泌唾液）和斯金纳（老鼠按压杠杆获取奖励）。
Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus becoming associated with a reflex response. Key terms: unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR). Operant conditioning uses reinforcement (positive and negative) to increase behaviour and punishment to decrease behaviour.
经典条件反射涉及一个中性刺激与反射反应建立联结。关键术语：非条件刺激 (UCS)、非条件反应 (UCR)、条件刺激 (CS)、条件反应 (CR)。操作性条件反射使用强化（正强化和负强化）来增加行为，使用惩罚来减少行为。
9. Ethics in Psychology | 心理学伦理
Ethics are the moral principles that guide researchers to protect participants from harm. The British Psychological Society (BPS) sets out key guidelines: informed consent (participants must know what they are agreeing to), deception (should be avoided unless necessary and then debriefing is essential), right to withdraw, confidentiality, and protection from physical and psychological harm.
伦理是指导研究者保护参与者免受伤害的道德原则。英国心理学会 (BPS) 制定了关键指南：知情同意（参与者必须知道他们同意什么）、欺骗（除非必要否则应避免，且必须有事后解说）、退出权、保密性以及免受身心伤害。
A useful mnemonic is 'Can Do Can't Do With Participants' — Consent, Deception, Confidentiality, Debrief, Withdrawal, Protection. When evaluating a study, always ask whether these ethical pillars were respected.
一个有用的记忆法是 '参与者可做与不可做之事' ——知情同意、欺骗、保密、事后解说、退出权、保护。在评价一项研究时，永远要问这些伦理支柱是否得到了尊重。
10. Memory Terms | 记忆术语
ort-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). STM has limited capacity (7±2 items) and duration (around 18–30 seconds), while LTM is considered to have unlimited capacity and can last a lifetime.
记忆通常通过之前介绍的三个阶段来研究：编码、储存和提取。你还需要区分短期记忆 (STM) 和长期记忆 (LTM)。STM 的容量有限（7±2 个项目）且持续时间短（约 18–30 秒），而 LTM 被认为容量无限，可以持续一生。
Another key distinction is between episodic memory (personal events, like your last birthday), semantic memory (facts and knowledge, like the capital of France), and procedural memory (skills, like riding a bicycle). These are all types of LTM according to Tulving's model.
另一个关键区别是情景记忆（个人事件，比如你上次的生日）、语义记忆（事实和知识，比如法国的首都）和程序性记忆（技能，比如骑自行车）。根据托尔文的模型，这些都是 LTM 的类型。
11. Research Methods Toolbox | 研究方法工具箱
Beyond experiments, psychologists use a range of methods. A self-report questionnaire gathers large amounts of data quickly but can suffer from social desirability bias (participants answering to look good rather than truthfully). An interview (structured or unstructured) digs deeper but is more time-consuming and harder to analyse systematically.
除了实验，心理学家还使用一系列方法。自陈问卷能快速收集大量数据，但可能受到社会赞许性偏差的影响（参与者为了看起来好而作答，而非真实作答）。访谈（结构化或非结构化）能挖得更深，但更耗时，也更难以系统地分析。
Observations allow researchers to watch behaviour in natural or controlled settings. Naturalistic observation has high ecological validity but low control over extraneous variables. Case studies provide a rich, in-depth picture of a single individual or small group, yet findings cannot be easily generalised to the wider population.
观察法使研究者能够在自然或控制环境中观察行为。自然观察法具有高生态效度，但对额外变量的控制较弱。个案研究提供对单一个体或小群体的丰富、深入的画像，但其结果不易推广到更广泛的人群。
Understanding these methods' strengths and weaknesses is essential for your evaluation questions — always link a strength or weakness to the specific term, like 'high ecological validity' or 'low generalisability'.
理解这些方法的优点和缺点对于你的评价性问题至关重要——始终将优点或缺点与特定术语联系起来，比如 '高生态效度' 或 '低可推广性'。
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