📚 Year 9 CIE Economics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 CIE 经济：词汇术语速记指南
In Year 9 CIE Economics, mastering key terminology is the first step to thinking like an economist. This guide provides clear definitions, easy memory hooks, and bilingual explanations to help you recall essential terms quickly and confidently.
在 Year 9 CIE 经济学课程中，掌握关键术语是像经济学家一样思考的第一步。本指南提供了清晰的定义、简易的记忆窍门以及中英双语解释，帮助你快速且自信地回忆基本词汇。
1. The Basic Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice | 基本经济问题：稀缺性与选择
Economics begins with a simple truth: our wants are unlimited, but resources are limited. This condition is called scarcity. Because we cannot have everything, we must make choices. Every choice involves giving up something else – this introduces opportunity cost, which we explore next.
经济学始于一个简单的事实：我们的欲望是无限的，但资源是有限的。这种情况被称为稀缺性。因为我们无法拥有一切，所以必须做出选择。每一个选择都涉及放弃其他东西——这就引出了机会成本，我们接下来会探讨。
The three fundamental economic questions arise from scarcity: What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce? These questions force societies to allocate scarce resources efficiently.
三个基本经济问题源自稀缺性：生产什么？如何生产？为谁生产？这些问题迫使社会有效配置稀缺资源。
Memory tip: Think of SCARCITY as 'Sorry, Cannot Always Receive Everything Currently In Your Trolley'. The three questions can be remembered as the '3 W-H' of economics.
记忆技巧：把 SCARCITY 想象为 "抱歉，你无法把一切放进购物车" 的英文首字母缩写。三个问题可以记为经济学的 "3 个 W-H"。
2. Opportunity Cost and the Margin | 机会成本与边际思考
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone. When you choose to study economics for one hour, the opportunity cost might be the hour you could have spent playing football or sleeping. It is not simply money; it is the benefit you miss from the next best option.
机会成本是所放弃的次优选择的价值。当你选择学习一小时经济学时，机会成本就是你原本可以花在踢足球或睡觉上的那一小时所带来的收益。它不仅仅是金钱，而是你从次优选项中失去的利益。
Economists also think at the margin, examining the additional benefit or cost of one more unit. For example, the marginal benefit of an extra hour of study versus the marginal cost of losing free time helps you decide how long to revise.
经济学家还会从边际角度思考，考察增加一个单位所带来的额外收益或成本。例如，多学习一小时的边际收益与失去空闲时间的边际成本相比较，能帮你决定复习多长时间。
Memory tip: Remember 'opportunity cost' as 'the road not taken'. For 'margin', picture slicing a cake and thinking only about that extra thin slice – not the whole cake.
记忆技巧：把 "机会成本" 记为 "未曾踏上的那条路"。对于 "边际"，想象切蛋糕时只考虑那额外薄薄的一片——而不是整块蛋糕。
3. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Resources used to produce goods and services are called factors of production. There are four categories: land, labour, capital and enterprise. Land includes all natural resources, labour is human effort, capital refers to man-made tools and machinery, and enterprise is the ability to combine the other three factors and take risks.
用于生产商品和服务的资源被称为生产要素。共分为四类：土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能。土地包括所有自然资源，劳动力是人的努力，资本指人造工具和机器，企业家才能则是组合其他三种要素并承担风险的能力。
Each factor earns a reward: land earns rent, labour earns wages, capital earns interest, and enterprise earns profit. Understanding these rewards helps explain income distribution in an economy.
每种要素都获得相应的报酬：土地获得地租，劳动力获得工资，资本获得利息，企业家才能获得利润。理解这些报酬有助于解释经济中的收入分配。
| Factor of Production (English) | 中文要素 | Reward (English) | 中文报酬 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Land | 土地 | Rent | 地租 |
| Labour | 劳动力 | Wages | 工资 |
| Capital | 资本 | Interest | 利息 |
| Enterprise | 企业家才能 | Profit | 利润 |
Memory tip: Use the acronym CELL – Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour – to recall the four factors. Remember that each factor 'earns' a different income: 'Rent, Wages, Interest, Profit' – think of a landlord, a worker, a saver and a business owner.
记忆技巧：用首字母缩略词 CELL——资本 (Capital)、企业家才能 (Enterprise)、土地 (Land)、劳动力 (Labour)——来记住四种要素。记住每种要素 "挣得" 不同收入：地租、工资、利息、利润——想想房东、工人、储户和企业家。
4. Specialisation and Exchange | 专业化与交换
Specialisation occurs when individuals, firms or countries focus on producing a narrow range of goods or services where they have an advantage. It raises productivity because workers become highly skilled at a specific task. However, specialisation makes exchange essential, as no one produces everything they need.
专业化是指个人、企业或国家专注于生产其具有优势的某一狭小范围的商品或服务。专业化提高了生产率，因为工人在特定任务上变得非常熟练。然而，专业化使交换成为必需，因为没有谁能生产自己所需的一切。
Exchange occurs through markets, often using money as a medium of exchange. Before money, barter was used, but it required a double coincidence of wants – each person had to have exactly what the other wanted.
交换通过市场进行，通常使用货币作为交换媒介。在货币出现之前，人们使用物物交换，但这需要欲望的双向一致——每一方都必须恰好拥有对方想要的东西。
Memory tip: 'Specialisation leads to interdependence' – think of a heart surgeon who relies on farmers for food. Barter is 'swap without money', and the 'double coincidence' problem is like needing a pair of matching puzzle pieces from both sides.
记忆技巧："专业化导致相互依赖"——想想一位心脏外科医生依赖农民提供食物。物物交换是 "不用钱的交换"，"双向一致" 的问题就像需要双方都有恰好匹配的拼图块。
5. Demand | 需求
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices over a period of time. Effective demand requires both the desire and the purchasing power; wanting a sports car without money is just a wish, not demand.
需求是指在一段时间内，消费者在不同价格水平下愿意并且能够购买的商品或服务的数量。有效需求既需要购买欲望，也需要购买力；没有钱却想要一辆跑车只是愿望，不是需求。
The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus (all else equal), as price falls, quantity demanded rises. This inverse relationship gives the demand curve its downward slope. Factors that shift the whole demand curve include income, tastes, prices of related goods, and population.
需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格下降，需求量上升。这种反向关系使得需求曲线向下倾斜。使整条需求曲线移动的因素包括收入、偏好、相关商品的价格和人口数量。
Law of Demand: P ↓ → Qd ↑ (ceteris paribus)
Memory tip: 'When price drops, shoppers hop' – quantity demanded jumps. For shifts, remember 'ITPP': Income, Tastes, Price of other goods, Population.
记忆技巧："价格一降，消费者就涌上来"。对于需求曲线的移动，记住 'ITPP'：收入、偏好、其他商品的价格、人口。
6. Supply | 供给
Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices over a period of time. The law of supply states that, ceteris paribus, as price rises, quantity supplied increases – producers are motivated by higher potential profit.
供给是指在一段时间内，生产者在不同价格水平下愿意并且能够出售的商品或服务的数量。供给定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格上升，供给量增加——生产者受到更高潜在利润的激励。
This positive relationship creates an upward-sloping supply curve. Factors that shift the entire supply curve include costs of production, technology, taxes and subsidies, weather conditions and the number of sellers.
这种正相关关系形成了一条向上倾斜的供给曲线。使整条供给曲线移动的因素包括生产成本、技术、税收与补贴、天气状况以及卖者的数量。
Law of Supply: P ↑ → Qs ↑ (ceteris paribus)
Memory tip: 'Higher price, higher supply' – firms want to sell more when they can earn more. Think of the supply curve as a 'climbing ladder'. Shift factors can be remembered as 'CCT-WNS': Costs, Competition, Technology, Weather, Number of sellers, Subsidies/Taxes.
记忆技巧："价格越高，供给越多"——企业能赚更多时就愿意多卖。把供给曲线想象成 "爬梯"。移动因素可记为 "CCT-WNS"：成本、竞争、技术、天气、卖者数量、补贴/税收。
7. Market Equilibrium and Price Mechanism | 市场均衡与价格机制
Market equilibrium occurs where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied at a given price. This balancing point, or market-clearing price, leaves no excess supply (surplus) or excess demand (shortage). In a free market, price acts as a signal and an incentive, guiding resources to where they are most valued.
市场均衡发生在给定价格下需求量等于供给量之处。这个平衡点，或称市场出清价格，不会产生超额供给（过剩）或超额需求（短缺）。在自由市场中，价格充当信号和激励，引导资源配置到最有价值的地方。
If price is above equilibrium, a surplus pushes prices down; if price is below, a shortage pulls prices up. This automatic adjustment is the price mechanism. It helps answer the three fundamental economic questions without a central planner.
如果价格高于均衡水平，过剩就会压低价格；如果价格低于均衡水平，短缺就会推高价格。这种自动调节正是价格机制。它无需中央计划者就能帮助回答三个基本经济问题。
Memory tip: Equilibrium is like a seesaw perfectly balanced. The price mechanism is 'the invisible hand' – imagine a market where no one is shouting orders, yet shelves are stocked. Surplus = 'too many hats', shortage = 'empty hat rack'.
记忆技巧：均衡就像完全平衡的跷跷板。价格机制是 "看不见的手"——想象一个没有人发号施令，但货架满满的市场。过剩 = "帽子太多"，短缺 = "帽子架空了"。
8. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求价格弹性 (PED)
Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. If the result is greater than 1, demand is elastic; less than 1, it is inelastic.
需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变动的反应程度。计算方法为需求量变动的百分比除以价格变动的百分比。若结果大于 1，需求富有弹性；若小于 1，需求缺乏弹性。
PED = %ΔQd ÷ %ΔP
Goods with many substitutes, like soft drinks, tend to have elastic demand. Necessities with few substitutes, like insulin, have inelastic demand. Understanding PED helps firms predict how a price change will affect total revenue.
替代品多的商品，如软饮料，往往富有弹性。缺乏替代品的必需品，如胰岛素，则缺乏弹性。理解 PED 有助于企业预测价格变动将如何影响总收入。
Memory tip: 'Elastic stretches, inelastic resists' – a rubber band for elastic goods and a stiff metal bar for inelastic ones. Use the formula: 'Peddie = Q over P' (QΔ % divided by PΔ %).
记忆技巧："弹性会拉伸，缺乏弹性会抵抗"——想象用橡皮筋表示富有弹性的商品，用坚硬的金属棒表示缺乏弹性的商品。使用公式："Peddie = Q 变化百分比除以 P 变化百分比"。
9. Government Intervention | 政府干预
Governments intervene in markets to correct market failures and achieve social objectives. Common tools include indirect taxes (levied on goods and services), subsidies (grants to producers) and price controls such as maximum prices (ceilings) and minimum prices (floors).
政府干预市场是为了纠正市场失灵和实现社会目标。常用的工具包括间接税（对商品和服务征收的税）、补贴（给予生产者的补助）以及价格管制，如最高限价（天花板）和最低限价（地板）。
An indirect tax increases costs of production, shifting the supply curve leftwards and raising the market price. A subsidy lowers costs, shifting supply to the right and reducing price. Price controls can create shortages (ceilings) or surpluses (floors) if set away from equilibrium.
间接税增加生产成本，使供给曲线向左移动并提高市场价格。补贴降低生产成本，使供给曲线向右移动并降低价格。如果价格管制偏离均衡设置，会造成短缺（天花板）或过剩（地板）。
Memory tip: 'Tax takes, subsidy gives'. Ceiling is 'too low to be true', floor is 'too high to fall'. Think of a room where the ceiling is under your feet – you hit your head; a minimum price floor under your feet lifts you up.
记忆技巧："税收拿走，补贴给予"。天花板是 "低得不真实"，地板是 "高得跌不破"。想象一个天花板在你脚下——你会撞到头；最低价格的地板在你脚下托起你。
10. International Trade and Globalisation | 国际贸易与全球化
International trade allows countries to specialise and export goods they can produce at a lower opportunity cost, while importing goods where other countries have an advantage. Absolute advantage means producing more with the same resources; comparative advantage means producing at a lower opportunity cost – the basis for gains from trade.
国际贸易使各国能够专业化生产并出口其机会成本更低的商品，同时进口别国具有优势的商品。绝对优势是指用同样资源生产更多产品；比较优势是指以更低的机会成本生产——这是贸易收益的基础。
Exchange rates determine how much one currency is worth in terms of another. A stronger domestic currency makes imports cheaper but exports more expensive, while a weaker currency boosts export competitiveness. Globalisation refers to the increasing integration of economies through trade, investment and technology.
汇率决定了一种货币以另一种货币计价的价值。本币走强使进口更便宜但出口更贵，而本币走弱则增强出口竞争力。全球化是指经济通过贸易、投资和技术日益融合的过程。
Memory tip: 'Absolute is about MORE, comparative is about LESS SACRIFICE'. For exchange rates, remember 'strong currency = strong buying power abroad, weak currency = world buys from you'. Visualise globalisation as a giant spider web connecting all countries.
记忆技巧："绝对优势比谁更多，比较优势比谁牺牲更少"。对于汇率，记住 "强势货币 = 在海外购买力强，弱势货币 = 世界向你购买"。将全球化想象为连接所有国家的巨大蜘蛛网。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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