📚 Year 9 CCEA Philosophy: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary | Year 9 CCEA 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Getting to grips with philosophy begins by understanding the words thinkers use. This quick guide introduces the most important terms you will meet in your CCEA Year 9 Philosophy course. Each entry gives a clear explanation, a memorable tip, and a paired English–Chinese explanation to help you learn faster and speak more confidently about big ideas.
学好哲学，要从理解哲人们使用的词汇开始。这份速记指南整理了你在 CCEA 九年级哲学课程中会遇到的重要术语。每个词条都配有清晰的解释和记忆小窍门，加上中英文对照说明，帮你学得更快，也更自信地谈论那些宏大的问题。
1. Philosophy | 哲学
Philosophy comes from the Greek words 'philo' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom). It is the activity of asking fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, and reason. Instead of accepting easy answers, philosophers examine arguments, look for evidence, and try to think clearly about what really matters.
哲学一词源于希腊语“爱”（philo）和“智慧”（sophia）。它是对存在、知识、价值和理性等根本问题的追问。哲学家不满足于表面的答案，他们审视论证、寻找证据，力求清晰地思考真正重要的问题。
2. Epistemology | 认识论
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. It asks questions like: What does it mean to know something? How do we gain knowledge? Can we trust our senses? The word breaks down into 'episteme' (knowledge) and 'logos' (study), making it literally the study of knowledge.
认识论是哲学中研究知识的分支。它追问：知道某件事意味着什么？我们如何获取知识？我们能信任自己的感官吗？这个词可拆解为“知识”（episteme）和“学问”（logos），字面意思就是关于知识的学问。
3. Ethics | 伦理学
Ethics, also called moral philosophy, explores how we ought to live. It examines concepts of right and wrong, good and bad, justice and virtue. When you ask whether an action is fair or unfair, you are already doing ethics. The word comes from the Greek 'ethos', meaning character or custom.
伦理学又称道德哲学，探讨我们应当如何生活。它研究对与错、善与恶、公正与美德等概念。当你思考某个行为公平与否时，你已经在做伦理学了。该词源自希腊语“ethos”，意为品格或习俗。
4. Metaphysics | 形而上学
Metaphysics deals with the nature of reality. Its questions include: What is there? What is time? Do we have free will? The name literally means 'beyond physics' because early philosophers placed these questions after their writings on the natural world. Today it is the branch that tackles the deepest puzzles about existence.
形而上学讨论实在的本性。其问题包括：存在什么？时间是什么？我们有自由意志吗？名称的字面意思是“物理学之后”，因为早期哲学家把这些思考放在自然著作的后面。如今它是处理最深层存在谜题的分支。
5. Logic | 逻辑
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It provides tools for distinguishing good arguments from bad ones. In philosophy lessons, you will learn to spot fallacies, build valid arguments, and test whether a conclusion really follows from the premises. Think of logic as the grammar of thinking.
逻辑学是研究正确推理的学问。它提供分辨好论证与坏论证的工具。在哲学课上，你会学会识别谬误、构建有效论证，并检验结论是否真的从前提中推出。可以把逻辑看作思维的语法。
6. Argument | 论证
In philosophy, an argument is not a shouting match. It is a set of statements where some (the premises) are intended to support another statement (the conclusion). A philosophical argument tries to give reasons for believing something. For example: 'All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.' That is a simple argument.
在哲学中，论证不是争吵。它是一组陈述，其中一些陈述（前提）用来支持另一个陈述（结论）。哲学论证试图为相信某事提供理由。例如：“所有人都会死。苏格拉底是人。所以苏格拉底会死。”这就是一个简单的论证。
7. Premise and Conclusion | 前提与结论
A premise is a reason offered in support of a conclusion. The conclusion is the statement the argument wants you to accept. In the Socrates example, 'All humans are mortal' and 'Socrates is human' are the premises; 'Socrates is mortal' is the conclusion. Spotting premises and conclusions is the first skill any budding philosopher needs.
前提是用来支持结论的理由。结论是论证想让你接受的陈述。在苏格拉底的例子中，“所有人都会死”和“苏格拉底是人”是前提，“苏格拉底会死”是结论。找出前提和结论是每个哲学生手需要掌握的第一项技能。
8. Validity and Soundness | 有效性与可靠性
A valid argument is one where, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Validity is about the structure of the argument, not the actual truth of the premises. A sound argument is a valid argument with all true premises. So a sound argument guarantees a true conclusion. Philosophers aim for soundness.
有效论证是指：如果前提为真，结论必然为真。有效性只关乎论证的结构，不涉及前提事实上的真假。可靠论证则是有效且所有前提都为真的论证。因此可靠论证能保证结论为真。哲学家追求的是可靠性。
9. Utilitarianism | 功利主义
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that says the right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. It is a form of consequentialism because it judges actions by their outcomes. When you weigh up the pros and cons of a decision, you are using a utilitarian way of thinking.
功利主义是一种伦理学理论，主张正确的行为就是能为最大多数人带来最大幸福的行为。它是一种后果论，因为通过结果来评判行为。当你权衡一个决定的利弊时，你用的就是功利主义的思维方式。
10. Theism, Atheism and Agnosticism | 有神论、无神论与不可知论
Theism is belief in the existence of a god or gods. Atheism is the absence of belief in any deity. Agnosticism is the view that we cannot know whether God exists or not. These three positions often appear when discussing arguments for and against God's existence, such as the design argument or the problem of evil.
有神论是相信存在一个或多个神。无神论是不相信任何神明存在。不可知论认为我们无法知道上帝是否存在。这三者常常在讨论上帝存在与否的论证中出现，比如设计论或恶的问题。
11. The Design Argument | 设计论论证
The design argument (or teleological argument) claims that the order and complexity of the natural world point to an intelligent designer. Just as a watch implies a watchmaker, the universe implies a maker. This argument is central to many discussions in philosophy of religion and is a good example of an inductive argument.
设计论论证（或目的论论证）主张，自然界的秩序和复杂性表明有一位智慧的设计者。正如手表意味着钟表匠，宇宙也意味着创造者。这个论证是宗教哲学许多讨论的核心，也是归纳论证的典型例子。
12. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
The problem of evil is a challenge to belief in a perfectly good, all-powerful God. If God is all-good, he would want to stop suffering. If he is all-powerful, he could stop it. Yet suffering exists. Philosophers use this puzzle to explore the limits of religious belief and the nature of good and evil.
恶的问题是对全善全能上帝信仰的挑战。如果上帝全善，他会想止息苦难；如果上帝全能，他能够止息苦难。然而苦难确实存在。哲学家利用这个难题来探讨宗教信仰的界限以及善与恶的本性。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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