📚 Year 9 CCEA Philosophy: Core Knowledge Recap | Year 9 CCEA 哲学：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your core knowledge recap for Year 9 CCEA Philosophy. This article summarises the key ideas you will encounter, from the nature of philosophical inquiry to ethical theories and classic arguments for and against the existence of God. Each concept is introduced in English and immediately followed by its Chinese translation, helping you master the terminology bilingually.
欢迎阅读 Year 9 CCEA 哲学核心知识点梳理。本文总结了你将遇到的核心理念，从哲学探索的本质到伦理理论，以及关于上帝存在与否的经典论证。每个概念先用英文介绍，紧接着提供中文翻译，帮助你双语掌握术语。
1. What is Philosophy? | 哲学是什么？
Philosophy comes from the Greek words 'philo' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom), literally meaning the love of wisdom. It is the rational investigation of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, morality, reason, the mind, and language.
哲学源于希腊词 "philo"（爱）和 "sophia"（智慧），字面意思是 "爱智慧"。它是对于存在、知识、道德、理性、心灵和语言等根本问题的理性探究。
Unlike empirical sciences that depend on observation and experiment, philosophy relies on logical argument, conceptual analysis, and critical thinking to examine assumptions and clarify concepts. It does not simply accept claims at face value but asks "why?" and "what do you mean?"
与依赖观察和实验的经验科学不同，哲学依靠逻辑论证、概念分析和批判性思维来审视假设并澄清概念。它不简单地接受表面主张，而是追问 "为什么？" 和 "你是什么意思？"
Philosophy also teaches intellectual humility. By questioning our own beliefs, we learn to recognise the limits of our knowledge and to construct better-supported positions.
哲学也教导理智上的谦逊。通过质疑自己的信念，我们学会认识到知识的局限性，并构建更有依据的立场。
2. Branches of Philosophy | 哲学的分支
The main branches of philosophy include: Metaphysics (the study of reality and existence), Epistemology (the theory of knowledge), Ethics (moral philosophy), Logic (the study of correct reasoning), and Aesthetics (the philosophy of art and beauty).
哲学的主要分支包括：形而上学（研究实在与存在）、认识论（知识理论）、伦理学（道德哲学）、逻辑学（研究正确推理）和美学（艺术与美的哲学）。
Each branch addresses a different set of questions. For example, epistemology asks, "What does it mean to know something?" while ethics examines, "How should we live?" Metaphysicians might wonder, "What is the nature of time?" or "Do we have free will?"
每个分支处理一组不同的问题。例如，认识论问："知道某事意味着什么？"，而伦理学考察："我们应当如何生活？" 形而上学家可能会思考："时间的本质是什么？" 或 "我们有自由意志吗？"
By dividing philosophy into these areas, we can better focus on specific problems while recognising that many questions overlap. For instance, the mind-body problem sits at the intersection of metaphysics and epistemology.
通过将哲学划分为这些领域，我们可以更好地聚焦具体问题，同时认识到许多问题是相互重叠的。例如，心身问题就处于形而上学和认识论的交叉点。
3. Logic and Argument | 逻辑与论证
Logic is the study of valid reasoning. An argument consists of premises (statements providing reasons) and a conclusion (the statement the premises support). A deductively valid argument is one where if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
逻辑学是研究有效推理的学问。一个论证由前提（提供理由的陈述）和结论（前提支持的陈述）构成。一个演绎有效的论证是指：如果前提为真，那么结论必然为真。
rates is mortal (∴ Q). Using symbols: P → Q, P ∴ Q. This structure is called modus ponens.
例如：所有人都会死（P → Q）。苏格拉底是人（P）。所以，苏格拉底会死（∴ Q）。用符号表示：P → Q，P ∴ Q。这种结构称为肯定前件式。
Inductive arguments, in contrast, provide probable but not guaranteed support for their conclusions. For instance, observing that the sun has risen every day in recorded history leads to the probable conclusion that it will rise tomorrow. Scientific reasoning often relies on induction.
相比之下，归纳论证为结论提供可能的但非必然的支持。例如，观察到太阳在有记载的历史中每天都升起，得出它明天也很可能升起的结论。科学推理经常依赖归纳。
Recognising common fallacies—errors in reasoning—is also a key part of logic. For example, an ad hominem fallacy attacks the person making an argument rather than addressing the argument itself.
识别常见谬误——推理中的错误——也是逻辑学的重要部分。例如，人身攻击谬误攻击的是提出论证的人，而不是论证本身。
4. Socrates and the Socratic Method | 苏格拉底与苏格拉底方法
Socrates (c. 470–399 BCE) is a foundational figure in Western philosophy. He did not write down his teachings; we know him primarily through Plato's dialogues. Socrates famously claimed, "I know that I know nothing," an expression of intellectual humility known as Socratic irony.
苏格拉底（约公元前470–399年）是西方哲学的奠基人物。他并未著书立说；我们主要通过柏拉图的对话录了解他。苏格拉底有句名言："我知道我一无所知"，这是一种称为苏格拉底式反讽的理智谦逊。
The Socratic method involves asking a series of probing questions to help a person examine their beliefs and arrive at a deeper understanding. It is a cooperative dialogue aimed at exposing contradictions and clarifying concepts.
苏格拉底方法涉及提出一系列探索性问题，以帮助人们检视自己的信念并达到更深的理解。这是一种旨在揭示矛盾并澄清概念的合作性对话。
Socrates was eventually put on trial for corrupting the youth and impiety. He accepted the death penalty by drinking hemlock, demonstrating his commitment to his principles and to the idea that an unexamined life is not worth living.
苏格拉底最终因腐蚀青年和不敬神而受审。他通过饮下毒芹汁接受了死刑，此举表明了他对自己原则的坚持以及 "未经审视的人生不值得过" 这一观念。
5. Plato's Theory of Forms | 柏拉图的理型论
Plato (c. 428–348 BCE), a student of Socrates, developed the Theory of Forms. He argued that the physical world we perceive with our senses is only a shadow or imperfect copy of a higher reality—the realm of Forms (or Ideas).
柏拉图（约公元前428–348年）是苏格拉底的学生，他提出了理型论。他认为我们用感官感知的物理世界只不过
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