Year 9 OCR Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 9 OCR 工程：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 9 OCR Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 9 OCR 工程：词汇术语速记指南

Building a strong engineering vocabulary is essential for understanding concepts, interpreting problems, and communicating ideas clearly. In OCR Year 9 Engineering, you will encounter many technical terms. This bilingual guide lists key terms with simple, detailed definitions, helping you to memorise them quickly. Each entry gives the English term and definition followed by its Chinese equivalent, perfect for learners who benefit from bilingual reinforcement.

建立扎实的工程词汇库对于理解概念、解读问题和清晰交流想法至关重要。在 OCR 九年级工程课程中，你会遇到许多技术术语。这份双语指南列出了关键术语及其详细定义，帮助你快速记忆。每个条目先给出英文术语和定义，再给出对应的中文，非常适合通过双语巩固的学习者。

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1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能

Hardness: The resistance of a material to permanent indentation, scratching, or wear. Hard materials like hardened steel or tungsten carbide are chosen for cutting tools and abrasives because they maintain a sharp edge under repeated use. It is often measured using Rockwell or Brinell scales.

硬度：材料抵抗永久压痕、划伤或磨损的能力。硬材料如淬硬钢或碳化钨常用于切削工具和磨料，因为它们在反复使用中能保持锋利。硬度通常使用洛氏或布氏标度测量。

Toughness: The ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Tough metals, such as mild steel, can withstand sudden impacts. This property is crucial for safety-critical components like car bumpers and crash barriers, where brittle fracture must be avoided.

韧性：材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。韧性金属（如低碳钢）能够承受突然的冲击。这一特性对于汽车保险杠和防撞护栏等安全关键部件至关重要，必须避免脆性断裂。

Ductility: The extent to which a material can be stretched under tension without breaking. Ductile materials like copper and aluminium can be drawn into thin wires. High ductility allows for extensive plastic deformation before failure, which is useful in forming processes.

延展性：材料在受拉时能够被拉伸而不断裂的程度。铜和铝等延性材料可拉制成细电线。高延展性允许在失效前发生大量塑性变形，这对成形工艺很有用。

Elasticity: The property of a material to return to its original shape after the removal of an applied load. Rubber and spring steel exhibit high elasticity. Within the elastic limit, the deformation is reversible; beyond it, the material becomes permanently deformed (plastic behaviour).

弹性：材料在卸除载荷后恢复原来形状的性质。橡胶和弹簧钢具有高弹性。在弹性限度内，变形是可逆的；超出限度则材料发生永久变形（塑性行为）。

Density: Mass per unit volume of a material. It is calculated using the formula:

ρ = m / V

密度：材料单位体积的质量。它通过公式 ρ = m / V 计算。低密度材料如聚合物和铝合金在航空航天和汽车工业中受到青睐，因为它们能减轻重量而不损失强度。

Ferrous Metal: A metal that contains iron and is often magnetic. Examples include steel and cast iron. Ferrous metals are strong and widely used in construction, but they are generally prone to rust unless protected by coatings or alloying elements.

黑色金属：含铁且通常具有磁性的金属，例如钢和铸铁。黑色金属强度高，广泛用于建筑，但除非通过涂层或合金元素保护，否则一般容易生锈。

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2. Forces and Stresses | 力与应力

Tension: A pulling force that tries to stretch a material. Cables in suspension bridges and lifting ropes experience high tension. Materials must have good tensile strength to resist necking and fracture under such loads.

拉伸：试图拉长材料的拉力。悬索桥的缆索和起重绳承受很大的拉伸力。材料必须具有良好的抗拉强度，以抵抗在如此载荷下的颈缩和断裂。

Compression: A pushing force that tends to shorten or crush a material. Columns, struts, and the legs of a chair are in compression. Crushing failure or buckling can occur if the compressive force exceeds the material's limit.

压缩：趋向于使材料缩短或压碎的推力。柱子、支柱和椅腿承受压缩力。如果压缩力超过材料极限，可能发生压溃破坏或屈曲。

Shear: A force that causes layers of a material to slide past each other. Rivets and bolts are designed to withstand shear forces. When you cut paper with scissors, the blades apply shear stress that separates the fibres.

剪切：使材料各层发生相对滑动的力。铆钉和螺栓设计用于承受剪切力。用剪刀剪纸时，刀刃施加剪切应力，使纤维分离。

Torsion: A twisting force that produces rotation along the longitudinal axis of a component. Drive shafts in vehicles and screwdrivers are subject to torsion. Torque is the measure of this twisting force.

扭转：使零件沿纵轴产生旋转的扭力。车辆的传动轴和螺丝刀承受扭转载荷。扭矩即是对这种扭转力的度量。

Stress: The internal resistance of a material to an applied force, defined as force per unit area.

σ = F / A

应力：材料内部抵抗外力的作用，定义为单位面积上的力，σ = F / A。工程中通常区分正应力（垂直于截面）和剪应力（平行于截面）。

Strain: The measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in a material relative to a reference length. It is expressed as:

ε = ΔL / L₀

应变：衡量变形程度的指标，表示材料内粒子相对参考长度的位移，ε = ΔL / L₀。应变是无量纲量，常用百分比表示。

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3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺

Casting: Pouring or injecting molten material into a mould cavity where it solidifies. Sand casting is used for large iron components, while die casting can produce precise, complex parts in aluminium or zinc alloys. The mould is often reusable or expendable.

铸造：将熔融材料浇注或注入型腔中使其凝固。砂型铸造用于大型铁制部件，而压力铸造可生产精确复杂的铝或锌合金零件。模具可重复使用或为一次性消耗品。

Forging: Shaping metal by applying compressive forces, typically at high temperature, using a hammer or press. Forging aligns the grain flow, improving mechanical properties such as strength and fatigue resistance. Wrenches and engine crankshafts are often forged.

锻造：通过施加压缩力（通常在高温下使用锤或压力机）使金属成形。锻造能理顺金属流线，提高强度和抗疲劳等力学性能。扳手和发动机曲轴常为锻件。

Welding: A joining process that fuses materials, usually metals, by heating them to a molten state, often with a filler rod. MIG (Metal Inert Gas) and TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding are common in fabrication. The resulting joint can be as strong as the parent metal.

Published by TutorHao | Year 9 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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