📚 Year 9 CCEA Law: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | 9年级CCEA法律：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential vocabulary memory guide for Year 9 CCEA Law. Whether you are beginning your legal studies or revising for a test, mastering key terms is half the battle. This guide turns complex legal language into simple, memorable chunks with bilingual explanations, exam-focused examples, and clever memory hooks.
欢迎来到9年级CCEA法律核心词汇记忆指南。无论你是刚开始学习法律还是为考试复习，掌握关键术语就等于成功了一半。本指南将复杂的法律语言转化为简单、好记的模块，提供中英双语解释、考试导向示例和巧妙的记忆挂钩。
1. Core Legal Concepts | 核心法律概念
Law is a system of rules created and enforced by the state. It tells people what they must do, what they must not do, and what happens if they break the rules.
法律是由国家制定并执行的规则体系。它告诉人们必须做什么、不得做什么，以及违反规则会产生什么后果。
Statute is a law passed by Parliament. It is also called an Act of Parliament or legislation. Statutes are written down and can be changed by Parliament.
成文法是由议会通过的法律，也称议会法令或立法。成文法以书面形式呈现，并可由议会修改。
Common law is law developed by judges through decisions in court cases. It is also called case law or judge-made law, and it relies on precedent.
普通法是法官通过法庭判例发展而来的法律，也称判例法或法官造法，它依赖先例。
A Bill is a draft law. It becomes an Act only after it passes all parliamentary stages and receives Royal Assent. Always distinguish between a Bill (proposed law) and an Act (passed law).
法案是法律草案。只有经过议会各阶段并通过御准后，它才成为法令。始终要区分法案（拟议法律）和法令（已通过法律）。
In CCEA exams, you may be asked to explain the legislative process using these terms. Understanding these sources is crucial for CCEA law.
在CCEA考试中，你可能需要运用这些术语解释立法程序。理解这些渊源对CCEA法律至关重要。
| English Term | 中文术语 | Memory Trick |
|---|---|---|
| Statute | 成文法/法规 | Think of a 'statue' - a law set in stone by Parliament. |
| Common Law | 普通法/判例法 | 'Common' comes from the judges being common to the whole realm - a body of precedent. |
| Bill | 法案 | A 'bill' is a draft law; imagine a restaurant bill you haven't paid yet - still in progress. |
| Act | 法令 | An 'Act' is a Bill that has finished its journey and received Royal Assent. |
2. Sources and Systems of Law | 法律渊源与体系
Sources of law are the places where legal rules come from. In CCEA Law, the main sources are legislation, common law, and sometimes custom or equity.
法律渊源是法律规则的来源。在CCEA法律中，主要渊源包括立法、普通法，有时还包括习惯或衡平法。
Precedent means a previous court decision that later courts should follow. The principle is called stare decisis, which means "stand by what has been decided".
先例指先前法院的判决，后来的法院应遵循。这一原则称为stare decisis，意为"遵循已决事项"。
A hierarchy of courts decides which precedent binds which court. Decisions of higher courts bind lower courts, while lower court decisions do not bind higher courts.
法院层级决定哪个先例对哪个法院有约束力。上级法院的判决约束下级法院，而下级法院的判决不约束上级法院。
Criminal law deals with offences against society, while civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organisations. The parties, courts, and outcomes are different.
刑法处理危害社会的犯罪行为，而民法处理个人或组织之间的纠纷。二者的当事人、法院和结果都不同。
The rule of law means everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. No one is above the law, and laws should be applied fairly.
法治意味着每个人，包括政府，都受法律约束。没有人凌驾于法律之上，法律应公平适用。
3. Criminal Law Key Terms | 刑法关键术语
Criminal law deals with conduct that the state considers harmful. A crime is an act or omission that breaks the law and is punishable by the state.
刑法涉及国家认为有害的行为。犯罪是违反法律并受国家惩罚的作为或不作为。
Actus reus means the guilty act. It is the physical element of a crime, such as taking property in theft or hitting someone in assault.
Actus reus意为犯罪行为。它是犯罪的客观要素，例如盗窃中的取走财物或袭击中的打人行为。
Mens rea means the guilty mind. It is the mental element, such as intention, recklessness, or knowledge.
Mens rea意为犯罪意图。它是犯罪的主观要素，例如故意、轻率或明知。
To secure a conviction, both actus reus and mens rea usually must be proved. If one is missing, the defendant may be acquitted.
要获得定罪，通常必须同时证明犯罪行为和犯罪意图。如果缺少其中之一，被告可能被无罪释放。
In criminal cases, the prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt. The defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty.
在刑事案件中，控方必须以排除合理怀疑的标准证明有罪。被告在被证明有罪之前被推定为无罪。
Common examples for vocabulary practice include theft, assault, criminal damage, and fraud. Learn the definition and one example for each.
用于词汇练习的常见例子包括盗窃、袭击、刑事毁坏和欺诈。为每个术语记住定义和一个例子。
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