📚 Year 9 CCEA Sociology: Key Terms Quick Recall Guide | CCEA 九年级社会学：关键术语速记指南
Sociology can feel like learning a new language, with its own specialist vocabulary. This quick recall guide breaks down essential Year 9 CCEA terms into bite-sized definitions and memorable mnemonics. Work through each section to build confidence for class discussions, homework and tests.
社会学有时就像学习一门新语言，有自己一套专业词汇。这份速记指南把 CCEA 九年级的重要术语拆解成小块定义和易记的口诀。逐一学习每个板块，为课堂讨论、作业和测验积累信心。
1. Socialisation and Culture | 社会化与文化
Socialisation: the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values and customs of their society.
社会化：个体学习所属社会的规范、价值观和习俗的终身过程。
Mnemonic: Think of 'social-eyes-ation' – we learn to see the world through society's eyes.
记忆法：联想“社会眼光”——我们学着用社会的眼光看世界。
Primary socialisation: the earliest form of socialisation, usually occurring within the family, where a child learns basic language, toilet habits and emotional bonds.
初级社会化：最早期的社会化形式，通常发生在家庭内部，儿童学习基本语言、如厕习惯和情感纽带。
Mnemonic: 'Primary' sounds like 'primary school' – it is the first and most important stage.
记忆法：“初级”让人想到小学（primary school），这是最先、最重要的阶段。
Norms: unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society.
规范：在一个群体或社会中被视作可接受的不成文行为规则。
Mnemonic: Norms = Normal ways of acting.
记忆法：Norm=正常，规范就是“正常”的处事方式。
2. Family Structures | 家庭结构
Nuclear family: a family unit consisting of two parents and their dependent children living together.
核心家庭：由父母双方及其需抚养的子女共同生活的家庭单元。
Mnemonic: 'Nucleus' is the core – just as a nucleus sits at the centre of an atom, the nuclear family is a core family unit.
记忆法：“核”即核心——就像原子核位于原子中心，核心家庭也是家庭的中心单元。
Extended family: a family that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, often living nearby or together.
扩展家庭：超出核心家庭范围、包含祖父母、叔伯姑姨等亲属的家庭，常常住在附近或同住。
Mnemonic: 'Extended' makes you think of something stretched out – the family tree is stretched beyond just parents and children.
记忆法：“扩展”让人想到延伸——家谱超出了父母与子女的范围。
Reconstituted family: a family formed when one or both partners bring children from previous relationships into a new household; also called a stepfamily.
重组家庭：一方或双方带着前段关系所生子女组成的新家庭；也叫继亲家庭。
Mnemonic: 'Reconstituted' sounds like 'reconstructed' – the family unit is rebuilt.
记忆法：“重组”的英文听起来像“重建”——家庭单元被重新搭建。
3. Roles and Relationships | 角色与关系
Role: the expected pattern of behaviour associated with a particular social position, such as 'mother', 'teacher' or 'friend'.
角色：与某个特定社会位置相关联的预期行为模式，例如“母亲”“教师”或“朋友”。
Mnemonic: Think of acting in a play – you follow a script for your 'role'.
记忆法：想想戏剧表演——你按照剧本扮演自己的“角色”。
Conjugal roles: the roles played by a husband and wife within a marriage, including domestic tasks, childcare and emotional support.
婚姻角色：丈夫和妻子在婚姻中扮演的角色，包括家务劳动、育儿和情感支持。
Mnemonic: 'Conjugal' relates to marriage (conjugal visit). Picture a couple juggling tasks together.
记忆法：“Conjugal”与婚姻相关（配偶探视权）。想象一对夫妇一起杂耍各种任务。
Joint conjugal roles: a partnership in which domestic duties and decision-making are shared equally between spouses.
共同婚姻角色：夫妻平等分担家务和决策的伴侣关系。
Mnemonic: 'Joint' as in a joint bank account – both partners have equal access and responsibility.
记忆法：像联名账户（joint account）那样共同——双方拥有平等权利和责任。
4. Education and Schooling | 教育与学校教育
Formal curriculum: the planned programme of subjects and lessons taught in schools, leading to qualifications.
正式课程：学校设计和教授的科目与课程计划，导向学历资格。
Mnemonic: 'Formal' requires a form or a timetable – it is structured learning.
记忆法：“正式”需要表格（form）或时间表——是有结构的学习。
Hidden curriculum: the informal lessons about norms, values and attitudes conveyed through the school environment, such as punctuality, obedience and competitiveness.
隐性课程：通过学校环境传递的关于规范、价值观和态度的非正式课程，如守时、服从和竞争意识。
Mnemonic: It is 'hidden' because it is not written down – you pick it up through what teachers praise or punish.
记忆法：说它“隐性”是因为不写在纸上——你从老师的表扬或惩罚中学会。
Peer group: a social group consisting of people of similar age and status, with whom an individual shares interests and norms.
同辈群体：由年龄和地位相近的人组成的、共享兴趣和规范的社会群体。
Mnemonic: 'Peer' sounds like 'pier' – groups of friends often hang out at similar spots like a pier.
记忆法：“Peer”发音像码头（pier）——朋友群体常聚在像码头一类的相似地点。
5. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨行为
Deviance: behaviour that violates the accepted norms of a society; it can be legal but still frowned upon, such as swearing in public.
越轨行为：违反社会公认规范的行为；可能合法但仍不被认同，比如公共场所骂脏话。
Mnemonic: 'Deviation' means straying from the path – deviance strays from social norms.
记忆法：“Deviation”意为偏离道路——越轨行为偏离了社会规范。
Crime: an act that breaks a formal law and is punishable by the legal system.
犯罪：违反正式法律、可受法律体系惩处的行为。
Mnemonic: Crime = Law-breaking. Think of a crime scene with police tape.
记忆法：犯罪=违法。想象带有警方隔离带的犯罪现场。
Anomie: a state of normlessness where society fails to provide clear moral guidance, often leading to deviance.
失范：一种规范缺失的状态，社会未能提供清晰的道德指引，常导致越轨行为。
Mnemonic: 'A-norm-ie' – the word itself hides 'norm'. Without norms, anomie arises.
记忆法："A-norm-ie"——词里藏着“norm”（规范）。没有规范，失范就出现了。
6. Social Control | 社会控制
Social control: the various methods used to persuade or force individuals to conform to the dominant norms and values of a society.
社会控制：用来劝说或强制个体遵从社会主流规范与价值观的各种方法。
Mnemonic: Think of a 'remote control' for society – it keeps behaviour on the right channel.
记忆法：想象社会的“遥控器”——它让行为保持在正确频道。
Formal social control: control exercised by official agencies such as the police, courts and prisons, based on written laws.
正式社会控制：由警察、法院和监狱等官方机构依据成文法律实施的控制。
Mnemonic: Formal = Fines and Forms – paperwork and legal penalties.
记忆法：正式=罚款（fines）和表格（forms）——文书工作和法律处罚。
Informal social control: control exercised through unofficial means, such as disapproval, ridicule or gossip from family and friends.
非正式社会控制：通过非官方手段实施的控制，如来自家人和朋友的不赞同、嘲笑或流言。
Mnemonic: Informal is inside the family – no badges needed, just raised eyebrows.
记忆法：非正式在家庭内部进行——不需要徽章，挑挑眉毛就够了。
7. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification: the division of society into hierarchical layers based on factors such as wealth, occupation and social class.
社会分层：基于财富、职业和社会阶级等因素，将社会划分为不同等级层次。
Mnemonic: 'Strata' means layers in geology – social strata are human layers.
记忆法："Strata"在地质学中意为地层——社会分层便是人的层级。
Social class: a grouping of people who share a similar economic position, often measured by income, occupation and education.
社会阶级：经济地位相似的一群人，通常以收入、职业和教育程度来衡量。
Mnemonic: Class is like a classroom tier – some have more resources than others.
记忆法：阶级就像教室里的不同排次——一些人拥有更多资源。
Life chances: the opportunities a person has to improve their quality of life, including access to healthcare, education and housing.
生活机会：个人改善生活质量的机会，包括获得医疗、教育和住房的途径。
Mnemonic: 'Chances' in a lottery – some people's numbers are shaped by class.
记忆法：机会像彩票——有些人的号码由阶级决定。
8. Research Methods Basics | 研究方法基础
Primary data: information collected first-hand by the researcher specifically for the purpose of their study, such as through questionnaires or interviews.
一手数据：研究者为研究目的亲自收集的信息，如通过问卷或访谈获取。
Mnemonic: Primary = Personal – you gather it yourself.
记忆法：一手即亲自——你自己去收集。
Secondary data: information that already exists and was collected by someone else, such as official statistics, diaries or newspapers.
二手数据：已有的、由他人收集的信息，如官方统计、日记或报纸。
Mnemonic: Second-hand is like a second-hand shop – someone else owned it first.
记忆法：二手就像二手商店——别人先拥有过。
Sample: a smaller, representative group selected from the larger population for the purpose of research.
样本：从较大总体中选出的、具有代表性的较小群体，用于研究目的。
Mnemonic: A free sample at a shop gives a taste of the whole product – a research sample gives a taste of the whole population.
记忆法：商店里的免费样品让你尝到整个产品——研究样本让你了解整个总体。
9. Power and Authority | 权力与权威
Power: the ability of an individual or group to achieve their own goals or impose their will on others, even in the face of resistance.
权力：个体或群体实现自身目标、或将自己的意志强加于他人（即便遇到抵抗）的能力。
Mnemonic: Power = muscle – the ability to push things your way.
记忆法：权力=肌肉——能按你的方式推动事物的能力。
Authority: power that is considered legitimate and accepted by those over whom it is exercised, such as a teacher's authority in a classroom.
权威：被视为正当、被行使对象所接受的权力，比如教师在课堂上的权威。
Mnemonic: 'Author' – an author creates a book that people willingly read; authority is power people willingly follow.
记忆法：“作者”（author）——作者写书人们自愿阅读；权威是人们自愿遵从的权力。
Coercion: the use of force or threats to make someone comply, as opposed to authority which relies on voluntary acceptance.
强制：使用武力或威胁让人服从，与依靠自愿接受的权威相对。
Mnemonic: Coercion sounds like 'coerce' – think of a hand physically forcing something.
记忆法：Coercion 就像“强迫”——想象一只手施加物理力量。
10. Media and Society | 媒体与社会
Mass media: forms of communication designed to reach large audiences, including television, radio, newspapers and the internet.
大众媒体：旨在触及广大受众的传播形式，包括电视、广播、报纸和互联网。
Mnemonic: 'Mass' means huge – media that reaches the masses.
记忆法：“Mass”意为大量——触及大众的媒体。
Media representation: the way the media portrays particular groups, events or issues, which can shape public perception.
媒体再现：媒体对特定群体、事件或议题的呈现方式，可以塑造公众认知。
Mnemonic: 'Re-presentation' – to present again, often with a particular angle.
记忆法：“Re-presentation”——再次呈现，常带有特定角度。
Agenda-setting: the ability of the media to focus public attention on certain topics, thus influencing which issues are seen as important.
议程设置：媒体将公众注意力集中于特定话题的能力，从而影响哪些议题被视作重要。
Mnemonic: A meeting agenda sets what will be discussed – the media sets the public's discussion agenda.
记忆法：会议议程确定了要讨论什么——媒体为公众设定了讨论议程。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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