📚 Year 9 CCEA French: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Rules | CCEA 九年级法语:公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook collects the essential grammar 'formulas' and rules you need for Year 9 CCEA French – from genders and articles to verb tenses and sentence structures. Use it whenever you want to check a pattern or remind yourself how a particular structure is built.
这本速查手册汇集了 CCEA 九年级法语必须掌握的语法“公式”和规则——从名词性别、冠词到动词时态和句型结构。想确认某个模式或回忆某个句法时,随时查阅。
1. Nouns and Gender | 名词与性
Every French noun has a gender: masculine or feminine. This affects articles, adjectives and pronouns. The ending of a noun often gives a clue: words ending in -age, -ment, -eau are usually masculine, while words ending in -tion, -té, -ette are usually feminine.
每个法语名词都有性:阳性或阴性。这会影响冠词、形容词和代词。名词的词尾常常能提供线索:以 -age, -ment, -eau 结尾的词通常是阳性,以 -tion, -té, -ette 结尾的词通常是阴性。
There are many exceptions, so always learn the article with the noun: le livre (the book), la table (the table). Treat the article as part of the word.
有很多例外,因此学习名词时一定要记住冠词:le livre(书),la table(桌子)。把冠词当作单词的一部分来记忆。
2. Articles | 冠词
French uses three types of article: definite (le, la, l', les), indefinite (un, une, des) and partitive (du, de la, de l', des). The partitive is used for uncountable quantities or abstract concepts, corresponding to 'some' in English.
法语使用三种冠词:定冠词(le, la, l', les)、不定冠词(un, une, des)和部分冠词(du, de la, de l', des)。部分冠词用于不可数数量或抽象概念,相当于英语的“some”。
After a negative (except with être), indefinite and partitive articles usually change to de (or d'): je n'ai pas de frère (I don't have a brother), il n'y a pas de pain (there isn't any bread).
在否定句之后(être 动词除外),不定冠词和部分冠词通常变为 de(或 d'):je n'ai pas de frère(我没有兄弟),il n'y a pas de pain(没有面包)。
3. Adjectives: Agreement and Position | 形容词:配合与位置
Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. The basic rule: add -e for feminine, -s for plural, and -es for feminine plural. Some adjectives have irregular feminine forms, such as beau → belle, blanc → blanche, heureux → heureuse.
形容词必须与其修饰的名词在性和数上配合。基本规则:阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。有些形容词有不规则的阴性形式,如 beau → belle, blanc → blanche, heureux → heureuse。
Most adjectives come after the noun, but a small group of common adjectives precede the noun. Remember the acronym BANGS: Beauty, Age, Number, Goodness, Size. Examples: une belle maison, un jeune homme, deux chats, un bon gâteau, une grande valise.
大多数形容词放在名词 之后,但一小部分常用形容词放在名词之前。记住首字母缩略词 BANGS:美(Beauty)、年龄(Age)、数字(Number)、好(Goodness)、大小(Size)。例如:une belle maison, un jeune homme, deux chats, un bon gâteau, une grande valise。
4. Present Tense: -er, -ir, -re Verbs | 现在时:-er, -ir, -re 动词
Regular present tense conjugation follows these patterns. -er verbs: remove the -er and add -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. -ir verbs (like finir): remove the -ir and add -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. -re verbs (like vendre): remove the -re and add -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent.
规则动词的现在时变位遵循这些模式。-er 动词:去掉 -er,加上 -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。-ir 动词(如 finir):去掉 -ir,加上 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。-re 动词(如 vendre):去掉 -re,加上 -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent。
parler: je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent
finir: je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent
vendre: je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent
5. Key Irregular Verbs | 重要不规则动词
These four verbs are fundamental. Learn their present tense by heart, as they appear constantly.
以下四个动词是基础,必须熟记它们的现在时变位,因为会不断出现。
| Verb | je | tu | il/elle | nous | vous | ils/elles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| avoir (to have) | ai | as | a | avons | avez | ont |
| être (to be) | suis | es | est | sommes | êtes | sont |
| aller (to go) | vais | vas | va | allons | allez | vont |
| faire (to do/make) | fais | fais | fait | faisons | faites | font |
6. Near Future (Futur Proche) | 最近将来时
To say what you are going to do, use the formula: present tense of aller + infinitive. This is by far the easiest way to express future intentions in Year 9 French.
要表达你打算做什么,使用公式:aller 现在时 + 动词不定式。这是九年级法语里表达将来意愿的最简单方式。
Je vais regarder la télé. (I am going to watch TV.)
Nous allons manger au restaurant. (We are going to eat at the restaurant.)
Remember that the infinitive remains unchanged, and only aller is conjugated.
注意不定式保持不变,只有 aller 需要变位。
7. Perfect Tense (Passé Composé) | 复合过去时
The perfect tense is formed with an auxiliary verb (avoir or être) in the present tense + past participle. Most verbs use avoir, but a small set of intransitive verbs (often verbs of movement and reflexive verbs) use être. With être, the past participle agrees with the subject (add -e, -s, -es).
复合过去时由助动词(avoir 或 être)现在时 + 过去分词 构成。大多数动词用 avoir,但一小部分不及物动词(通常是运动动词和代词式动词)用 être。用 être 时,过去分词要与主语进行性数配合(加 -e, -s, -es)。
J'ai mangé (I ate), Tu es allé(e) (You went)
Past participles of -er verbs end in -é; -ir verbs end in -i; -re verbs end in -u. Many common verbs have irregular participles: fait, été, eu, pris, mis, vu, lu, bu.
-er 动词的过去分词以 -é 结尾;-ir 动词以 -i 结尾;-re 动词以 -u 结尾。许多常用动词有过去分词不规则变化:fait, été, eu, pris, mis, vu, lu, bu。
8. Negative Sentences | 否定句
The basic negation structure is: ne + verb + pas. In spoken French, the ne is often dropped, but in writing you must keep it. When the verb begins with a vowel, ne becomes n'.
基本否定结构是:ne + 动词 + pas。口语中常省略 ne,但书写时必须保留。当动词以元音开头时,ne 变为 n'。
Je ne comprends pas. (I don't understand.)
Other negative expressions follow the same pattern, replacing pas with another word: ne ... jamais (never), ne ... plus (no longer), ne ... rien (nothing), ne ... personne (nobody). Note that personne comes after the past participle in compound tenses: Je n'ai vu personne.
其他否定表达也使用相同结构,把 pas 换成其他词:ne ... jamais(从不),ne ... plus(不再),ne ... rien(没有什么),ne ... personne(没有人)。注意在复合时态中,personne 放在过去分词之后:Je n'ai vu personne。
9. Asking Questions | 提问
There are three main ways to ask a question in French: (1) est-ce que + normal word order, (2) subject-verb inversion, and (3) simply raising your voice at the end of a statement. The last is informal.
法语有三种主要提问方式:(1)est-ce que + 正常语序,(2)主谓倒装,(3)在陈述句末提高语调。最后一种是口语非正式用法。
Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat? (Do you like chocolate?)
Aimes-tu le chocolat? (Do you like chocolate?)
Question words (qui, que, où, quand, comment, pourquoi) can be placed at the beginning with est-ce que or before the inverted verb: Où est-ce que tu habites? | Où habites-tu?
疑问词(qui, que, où, quand, comment, pourquoi)可以放在句首与 est-ce que 连用,或放在倒装动词前:Où est-ce que tu habites? | Où habites-tu?
10. Numbers and Time | 数字与时间
Numbers 0–20: zéro, un, deux, trois, quatre, cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix, onze, douze, treize, quatorze, quinze, seize, dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf, vingt. From 21 to 69, combine the tens and units with a hyphen: vingt-et-un (21), trente-deux (32), soixante-neuf (69). But 70 is soixante-dix, 80 is quatre-vingts, 90 is quatre-vingt-dix – then build further: soixante-et-onze (71), quatre-vingt-un (81).
数字 0–20:zéro, un, deux, trois, quatre, cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix, onze, douze, treize, quatorze, quinze, seize, dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf, vingt。从 21 到 69,用连字符连接十位与个位:vingt-et-un (21), trente-deux (32), soixante-neuf (69)。但 70 是 soixante-dix,80 是 quatre-vingts,90 是 quatre-vingt-dix——然后以此类推:soixante-et-onze (71), quatre-vingt-un (81)。
To tell time: use Il est + [heure]. Il est deux heures (It is two o'clock). 'Quarter past' is et quart, 'half past' is et demie, 'quarter to' is moins le quart. For the 24-hour clock, just state the numbers: Il est quatorze heures trente (14:30).
表达时间:使用 Il est + [小时数]。Il est deux heures(两点)。“一刻过”用 et quart,“半点”用 et demie,“差一刻”用 moins le quart。使用 24 小时制时,直接说出数字:Il est quatorze heures trente(14:30)。
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