📚 Year 9 OCR Philosophy: A Fast-Track Terminology Memory Guide | 九年级 OCR 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to Year 9 Philosophy. This guide is designed to help you quickly learn and remember the key terms you will meet on the OCR course. Each section introduces essential vocabulary with simple definitions, memorable clues, and examples. By the end, you will be able to recall these terms confidently in class discussions and written work.
欢迎来到九年级哲学。本指南旨在帮助你快速掌握并记住 OCR 课程中的关键术语。每个部分都会用简洁的定义、记忆线索和例子介绍重要词汇。学完之后，你将能够在课堂讨论和书面作业中自信地回忆这些术语。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy comes from the Greek words 'philo' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom). It is the activity of asking fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, and language. Unlike science, which often relies on experiments, philosophy uses reasoning and critical thinking to explore ideas that cannot be settled by observation alone.
哲学源自希腊语「爱」(philo) 和「智慧」(sophia)。它是一种针对存在、知识、价值、理性和语言等根本问题的探究活动。与依赖实验的科学不同，哲学运用推理和批判性思维来探索那些不能仅靠观察就能解决的问题。
- Philosophy – the love of wisdom; the systematic study of big questions.
哲学——对智慧的热爱；系统性研究大问题。 - Philosopher – a person who engages in philosophical thinking, e.g. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.
哲学家——从事哲学思考的人，如苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德。
Fast-tip: Think of philosophy as 'thinking about thinking'. Remember the 'philo' root in 'philanthropy' (love of humanity) to lock in the meaning.
速记贴士：把哲学理解为「关于思考的思考」。记住「博爱」(philanthropy) 中的词根「philo」，就能牢记其含义。
2. Logic and Arguments | 逻辑与论证术语
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. In philosophy, an argument is not a fight; it is a set of statements where some (premises) are offered in support of another (the conclusion). Understanding these building blocks is essential for analysing any philosophical text.
逻辑学是研究正确推理的学科。在哲学中，论证不是争吵，而是一组陈述，其中一些陈述（前提）被用来支持另一个陈述（结论）。理解这些构件对于分析任何哲学文本都至关重要。
- Premise – a reason or piece of evidence given to support a conclusion. 前提——为支持结论而给出的理由或证据。
- Conclusion – the main claim that follows from the premises. 结论——从前提得出的主要主张。
- Valid/Validity – if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true (structure is correct). 有效性——如果前提为真，结论必然为真（结构正确）。
- Sound – an argument that is valid AND has true premises. 健全——既有效又前提为真的论证。
- Inference – the mental move from premises to conclusion. 推理——从前提过渡到结论的思维活动。
To visualise, imagine a valid but unsound argument: All cats can fly. Fluffy is a cat. Therefore Fluffy can fly. The structure is valid (if premises were true, conclusion would be true), but the first premise is false, so the argument is unsound.
想象一个有效但不健全的论证：所有猫都会飞；Fluffy 是猫；所以 Fluffy 会飞。结构有效（若前提为真，结论必真），但第一个前提错误，因此论证不健全。
Fast-tip: Link 'premise' to 'promise' – a premise is like a promise that leads you to the conclusion.
速记贴士：把「premise」与「promise」联系起来——前提就像引领你走向结论的一个承诺。
3. Epistemology: Knowledge Words | 认识论：知识相关词汇
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. It asks: What does it mean to know something? Where does knowledge come from? How certain can we be? The traditional definition of knowledge is 'justified true belief'.
认识论是研究知识的哲学分支。它追问：知道某事物意味着什么？知识从何而来？我们能有多确定？知识的传统定义是「被确证的真信念」。
- Knowledge – justified true belief (JTB). 知识——被确证的真信念。
- Belief – accepting that a statement is true. 信念——接受一个陈述为真。
- Truth – correspondence with reality. 真理——符合现实。
- Justification – good reasons or evidence for a belief. 确证——支持某一信念的充分理由或证据。
- Scepticism – the view that we cannot have certain knowledge. 怀疑论——认为我们无法获得确定性知识的观点。
- Empiricism – knowledge comes from sensory experience. 经验主义——知识来自感官经验。
- Rationalism – knowledge comes from reason, independent of experience. 理性主义——知识来自理性，与经验无关。
To remember the JTB formula, think of a courtroom: you need to believe the accused is guilty, it must actually be true, and you must have justified evidence – not just a hunch.
为了记住 JTB 公式，联想法庭场景：你需要相信被告有罪，事实确实如此，而且必须有确凿的证据——而不能只是猜测。
Fast-tip: 'Epistemology' sounds like 'epic story of knowledge'. An epic story needs a hero (truth), a map (justification), and a quest (belief).
速记贴士：「Epistemology」听起来像「知识史诗」(epic story of knowledge)。史诗需要英雄（真理）、地图（确证）和探险（信念）。
4. Ethics: Right and Wrong | 伦理学：对与错
Ethics, or moral philosophy, examines concepts of right and wrong, good and bad. It asks questions like: How should we live? What makes an action moral? OCR Year 9 introduces you to major ethical theories.
伦理学，或称道德哲学，研究对错善恶等概念。它追问：我们应该如何生活？是什么让一个行为符合道德？OCR 九年级将向你介绍主要的伦理学理论。
- Consequentialism – the morality of an action depends on its consequences; e.g. Utilitarianism (greatest happiness for the greatest number). 后果论——行为的道德性取决于其结果；如功利主义（最大多数人的最大幸福）。
- Deontology – the morality of an action depends on following duties or rules, not consequences; associated with Immanuel Kant. 义务论——行为的道德性取决于是否遵循义务或规则，而非结果；与康德相关。
- Virtue Ethics – focus on the character of the moral agent and developing virtues (e.g. courage, honesty); linked to Aristotle. 德性伦理学——关注道德行为者的品格，培养德性（如勇敢、诚实）；与亚里士多德相关。
- Moral Dilemma – a situation where you must choose between two conflicting moral principles. 道德困境——必须在两个相冲突的道德原则之间做出选择的情境。
Think of a trolley problem: pull a lever to save five lives but kill one. Consequentialists count numbers; deontologists might argue against using a person as a mere means. The dilemma helps lock in the terms.
想想电车难题：拉杆会牺牲一人但救五人。后果论者计算人数；义务论者可能反对把人仅仅当作手段。这个困境有助于记住术语。
Fast-tip: Consequentialism = 'consequences matter most'. Deontology = 'duty' (think of the 'deon' in 'deontic'). Virtue ethics = 'character is key'.
速记贴士：后果论 = 「后果最重要」；义务论 =「责任」(记住 deontic 中的「deon」)；德性伦理学 = 「品格是关键」。
5. Metaphysics: The Nature of Reality | 形而上学：实在的本质
Metaphysics explores the most fundamental questions about what exists. It deals with topics such as time, space, free will, identity, and the distinction between mind and matter. In Year 9, you meet basic metaphysical puzzles.
形而上学探讨关于存在的最根本问题。它处理时间、空间、自由意志、同一性以及心物区别等主题。在九年级，你将接触到基本的形而上学谜题。
- Free Will – the ability to choose and act without external constraint. 自由意志——不受外部约束地选择和行动的能力。
- Determinism – the view that all events, including human choices, are causally determined by prior events. 决定论——认为一切事件，包括人的选择，都由先前事件因果决定的观点。
- Dualism – mind and body are two distinct substances (Descartes). 二元论——心灵和身体是两种不同的实体（笛卡尔）。
- Identity – what makes a person the same person over time (e.g. the Ship of Theseus puzzle). 同一性——是什么让一个人在时间推移中仍是同一个人（如忒修斯之船谜题）。
Theseus’s ship: if every plank of a ship is gradually replaced, is it still the same ship? This puzzle about identity can be remembered by thinking of your own body’s cells renewing over seven years.
忒修斯之船：如果一艘船的每块木板都逐渐被替换，它还是原来那艘船吗？你可以联想自己的身体细胞每七年全部更新一次，来记住这个同一性谜题。
Fast-tip: 'Metaphysics' = 'beyond physics' = beyond). It goes beyond the physical to ask why there is something rather than nothing.
速记贴士：「Metaphysics」=「物理学之外」(meta = beyond)。它超越物理层面，追问为什么存在万物而非一无所有。
6. Philosophy of Mind: Consciousness and Self | 心灵哲学：意识与自我
Philosophy of mind asks what it means to have a mind. How does the physical brain produce subjective experience? This overlaps with metaphysics but focuses on mental phenomena such as consciousness, intentionality, and the self.
心灵哲学追问拥有心灵意味着什么。物理大脑如何产生主观经验？它与形而上学有重叠，但侧重于意识、意向性和自我等心理现象。
- Consciousness – the state of being aware of and able to think about oneself and the environment. 意识——能觉察并能思考自身及环境的状态。
- Qualia – individual instances of subjective, conscious experience (e.g. the redness of red, the pain of a headache). 感质——主观意识经验的个别实例（如红色的红感，头疼的痛感）。
- Intentionality – the 'aboutness' of thoughts; a thought is always about something. 意向性——思想的「关于性」；思想总是关于某个对象。
- The Hard Problem of Consciousness – why and how physical processes give rise to qualitative experience (David Chalmers). 意识的难题——为什么物理过程会产生质性经验，以及如何产生（大卫·查默斯）。
Remember qualia by the phrase 'what it is like'. Eating chocolate feels a certain way; that feeling is a quale. A robot can detect sugar but does it experience the taste?
用「感觉起来如何」这个短语记住感质。吃巧克力有一种特定的感受，那种感受就是一种感质。机器人能探测糖分，但它体验到味道了吗？
Fast-tip: 'Qualia' rhymes with 'quality'; think of the unique quality of a sensation.
速记贴士：「Qualia」与「quality」押韵；就联想感觉的独特品质。
7. Philosophy of Religion: God and Belief | 宗教哲学：上帝与信仰
Philosophy of religion critically examines religious concepts, arguments for and against the existence of God, the nature of religious language, and the problem of evil. OCR introduces these debates early on.
宗教哲学批判性地考察宗教概念、支持与反对上帝存在的论证、宗教语言的本质以及恶的问题。OCR 在早期就引入了这些辩论。
- Theism – belief in a God or gods. 有神论——相信神或众神存在。
- Atheism – lack of belief in God or gods. 无神论——不相信神存在。
- Agnosticism – the view that it is impossible to know whether God exists. 不可知论——认为无法知道上帝是否存在。
- The Problem of Evil – if God is all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good, why does evil exist? This is an argument against God (the inconsistent triad). 恶的问题——如果上帝全能、全知、全善，为何还存在恶？这是反对上帝的论证（不相容三元组）。
- Design Argument (Teleological) – the world appears designed, therefore a designer (God) exists. 设计论证（目的论）——世界看起来是被设计的，因此存在一位设计者（上帝）。
- Cosmological Argument – everything has a cause; the universe must have a first cause (God). 宇宙论论证——万物皆有因；宇宙必定有一个第一因（上帝）。
Visualise the inconsistent triad: an omnipotent God could stop evil, an omnibenevolent God would want to stop evil, yet evil exists. This contradiction sharpens your memory of the terms.
想象不相容三元组：全能的上帝能阻止恶，全善的上帝愿阻止恶，但恶依然存在。这一矛盾能帮你牢牢记住术语。
Fast-tip: Link 'theism' to 'theology' (study of God). 'Agnostic' comes from 'a' (without) + 'gnosis' (knowledge).
速记贴士：把「theism」和「theology」（神学）联系。「不可知」(agnostic) 来自「a」(无) + 「gnosis」(知识)。
8. Political Philosophy: Justice and Rights | 政治哲学：正义与权利
Political philosophy examines how societies should be organised, the nature of justice, the legitimacy of government, and the rights of individuals. It helps you think about fairness and authority.
政治哲学考察社会应该如何组织、正义的本质、政府的合法性以及个人权利。它有助于你思考公平与权威。
- Justice – giving each person what they are due; fairness. 正义——给予每个人应得的；公平。
- Rights – entitlements that protect individuals, e.g. the right to life, liberty. 权利——保护个人的应得权益，如生命权、自由权。
- Social Contract – an implicit agreement among individuals to form a society and obey rules for mutual benefit (Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau). 社会契约——个人之间为互利而组成社会并遵守规则的隐含协议（霍布斯、洛克、卢梭）。
- Utilitarianism – a political and ethical theory that promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number. 功利主义——一种追求最大多数人最大幸福的政治与伦理学理论。
- Liberty – freedom from oppressive restrictions. 自由——免于压迫性限制的自由。
Think of a classroom rule: you give up the 'right' to shout whenever you want (liberty) in exchange for a quiet learning environment that benefits everyone. This captures the social contract idea.
想想一条课堂规则：你放弃随时大叫的「权利」（自由），来换取一个对所有人都有利的安静学习环境。这就体现了社会契约的理念。
Fast-tip: 'Justice' and 'just' share the same root; remember a just person is fair. 'Social contract' can be remembered as 'society's contract'.
速记贴士：「Justice」和「just」同根；记住公正的人即公平。把「social contract」记作「社会的合约」。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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