📚 Year 9 OCR Sociology: Key Terminology Quick Guide | Year 9 OCR 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
This quick revision guide breaks down the key sociological terms you will encounter in Year 9 OCR Sociology. Each term is defined clearly in English and Chinese so that you can memorise concepts and use them confidently in your assessments. Work through the sections to build a strong foundation in the language of sociology.
这份速记指南整理了 Year 9 OCR 社会学中你会遇到的关键术语。每个术语都配有清晰的中英双语释义，帮助你牢固记忆，在测评中自信运用。按小节学习，打牢社会学语言的基础。
1. Socialisation and Culture | 社会化与文化
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, customs and social skills of their society.
社会化是个体终生学习其社会的规范、价值观、习俗和社交技能的过程。
Primary socialisation takes place in early childhood, usually within the family, and lays down the basic norms and values.
初级社会化发生在幼儿期，通常在家庭中进行，奠定基本的规范与价值观。
Secondary socialisation occurs later through institutions such as school, peer groups and the media, and extends the range of learned behaviour.
次级社会化发生在之后，通过学校、同辈群体、媒体等制度进行，拓展已学习的行為范围。
Culture refers to the shared way of life of a group of people, including their language, beliefs, customs and material objects.
文化指一群人共享的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗和物质产品。
Subculture is a smaller group within a larger culture that holds some distinct norms and values while still sharing many elements of the main culture.
亚文化是更大文化中的小群体，它持有某些特有的规范与价值观，但依然共享主流文化中的许多元素。
Cultural diversity describes the variety of cultural patterns found within a society.
文化多样性描述一个社会内部存在多种文化模式的状况。
2. Norms and Values | 规范与价值观
Norm is an informal rule that guides behaviour in a particular situation; it tells people what is considered acceptable or expected.
规范是指导特定情境下行为的非正式规则，它告诉人们什么被认为是可接受的或预期内的。
Value is a deeply held belief about what is good, right and important, which underpins norms and shapes society's goals.
价值观是关于什么是好、正当和重要的一种深层信念，它支撑着规范并塑造社会的目标。
Folkways are weak norms governing everyday behaviour, such as table manners, where breaking them does not attract severe punishment.
民俗规范是支配日常行为的较弱规范，如餐桌礼仪，违反它们不会招致严厉惩罚。
Mores are strong norms essential to societal welfare, such as honesty, where violations often result in serious disapproval or legal sanctions.
民德是对社会福利至关重要的强大规范，如诚实，违反它们常导致严重不满或法律制裁。
Laws are formal norms backed by written rules and state authority; breaching them leads to official penalties.
法律是由成文规则和国家权威支持的形式规范，违反它们会导致官方处罚。
Sanctions are reactions to behaviour that reward conformity (positive sanctions) or punish deviance (negative sanctions).
制裁是对行为的反应，奖励从众行为（正制裁）或惩罚越轨行为（负制裁）。
3. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
Role is the expected pattern of behaviour attached to a particular social position or status.
角色是依附于特定社会位置或地位的预期行为模式。
Status refers to the social position a person holds within a group or society, which carries certain rights and duties.
地位指个人在群体或社会中占据的社会位置，它带有特定的权利与义务。
Ascribed status is a position fixed at birth or assigned involuntarily, such as son, daughter or hereditary title.
先赋地位是出生时固定或非自愿分派的身份，如儿子、女儿或世袭头衔。
Achieved status is a position earned through personal effort, choice or competition, like being a student leader or sportsperson.
自致地位是通过个人努力、选择或竞争赢得的位置，如成为学生领袖或运动员。
Role conflict occurs when a person faces incompatible demands from two or more statuses they hold simultaneously.
角色冲突发生在个人同时拥有的两个或多个地位之间出现互不相容的要求时。
Role model is a person whose behaviour in a role is copied or aspired to by others.
角色模范是他人模仿或渴望追随其角色行为的人。
4. Social Identity | 社会身份
Identity is the sense of self, shaped by social interactions and memberships of groups.
身份是由社会互动和群体归属塑造的自我意识。
Social identity refers to the part of the self-concept that comes from belonging to social groups, such as family, ethnic group or nation.
社会身份指自我概念中来源于所属社会群体的部分，如家庭、族群或国家。
Gender identity is an individual's personal sense of their own gender, which may or may not align with the sex assigned at birth.
性别身份是个体对自己性别的个人感受，可能与出生时指定的生理性别一致，也可能不一致。
Ethnic identity is the feeling of belonging to an ethnic group, often based on shared ancestry, language, religion or culture.
族群身份是对某一族群归属感的情感，通常基于共同的血统、语言、宗教或文化。
Class identity describes how people see themselves in terms of their social class, connected to occupation, income and lifestyle.
阶级身份描述人们如何从社会阶级的角度看待自己，与职业、收入及生活方式相关。
National identity involves identification with a nation, expressed through symbols, shared history and a sense of pride.
国家身份涉及对国家的认同，通过象征、共同历史及自豪感表达出来。
5. Social Control and Deviance | 社会控制与越轨行为
Social control comprises the methods used by society to ensure individuals comply with norms and rules.
社会控制是社会用来确保个体遵守规范与规则的各种方法。
Formal social control is carried out by authorised agents such as police, courts and school disciplinary systems, using written rules and laws.
正式社会控制由警察、法院及学校纪律系统等授权机构执行，运用成文规则和法律。
Informal social control is exercised through everyday interactions, including praise, criticism, ostracism and peer pressure.
非正式社会控制通过日常互动实施，包括表扬、批评、排斥和同辈压力。
Deviance is behaviour that violates the dominant norms of a society, whether or not it is illegal.
越轨行为指违反社会主流规范的行为，无论其是否违法。
Crime is a specific form of deviance that breaks formal written laws and can lead to prosecution.
犯罪是越轨行为的一种特殊形式，违反了正式的成文法律，可能被起诉。
Positive sanction rewards conformity, such as a certificate or a smile. Negative sanction punishes deviance, such as a fine or a detention.
正制裁奖励从众行为，如证书或微笑。负制裁惩罚越轨行为，如罚款或留校。
6. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups based on factors like class, status and power.
社会分层是根据阶级、地位和权力等因素对个人与群体进行的等级化排列。
Social class is a group of people sharing a similar economic position, often measured by occupation, income and wealth.
社会阶级是拥有相似经济地位的一群人，通常通过职业、收入和财富来衡量。
Life chances refer to the opportunities available to individuals to achieve things regarded as desirable, such as good health, education and employment.
生活机遇指个人获得被视为合意事物（如良好健康、教育和就业）的机会。
Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy.
社会流动是个人或群体在社会等级中向上或向下的移动。
Wealth consists of accumulated assets such as property, savings and shares, while income is the flow of money received regularly, for example from wages.
财富包括房产、储蓄和股票等积累的资产，而收入是定期获得的金钱流，如工资。
Status in stratification is the prestige or social honour attached to a person's position.
分层体系中的地位是附着于个人位置上的声望或社会荣誉。
7. Key Social Institutions | 重要的社会制度
Social institution is a stable, organised structure of roles and relationships that meets basic societal needs.
社会制度是满足社会基本需求的一种稳定且有组织的角色与关系结构。
Family is an institution that socialises children, regulates sexual behaviour and provides emotional and economic support.
家庭是社会化儿童、规范两性行为并提供情感和经济支持的制度。
Education transmits knowledge and skills, and also passes on cultural norms and values, preparing young people for adult roles.
教育传递知识与技能，同时也传承文化规范与价值观，为年轻人准备成人角色。
Religion provides a framework of beliefs about the sacred, offers moral guidance and can reinforce social solidarity.
宗教提供关于神圣事物的信仰框架，给予道德指引，并可强化社会团结。
Media is an institution that communicates information, entertainment and cultural messages to a large audience, powerfully shaping public opinion.
媒体是向广大受众传播信息、娱乐与文化讯息的制度，强有力地塑造公共舆论。
Peer group functions as an informal institution where members of similar age and status influence each other's behaviour and identity.
同辈群体作为一种非正式制度，具有相似年龄和地位的成员彼此影响行为与身份。
8. Research Methods Key Terms | 研究方法关键术语
Primary data is information collected directly by the researcher for a specific investigation, such as questionnaires or interviews.
一手数据是研究者为特定调查直接收集的信息，如问卷或访谈。
Secondary data is information already gathered by someone else for another purpose, for example official statistics or historical documents.
二手数据是他人已为其他目的收集好的信息，例如官方统计数据或历史文献。
Qualitative data is non-numerical information that explores meanings, feelings and descriptions, often gathered through in-depth interviews.
质性数据是探索意义、感受和描述的非数值信息，常通过深度访谈收集。
Quantitative data is numerical information that can be measured and analysed statistically, like percentages and averages.
量化数据是可测量并用统计方法分析的数值信息，如百分比和平均值。
Validity means the extent to which research actually measures what it claims to measure and reflects the truth.
效度指研究实际测量其声称要测量的内容的程度，并反映真实情况。
Reliability refers to the consistency of findings; if the research is repeated under the same conditions it should produce similar results.
信度指研究结果的一致性；如果在相同条件下重复研究，应得出相似的结果。
Sample is a smaller group selected from the target population to represent the whole in a study.
样本是从目标总体中选出以代表整体的一个较小群体。
9. Agents of Socialisation | 社会化机构
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups and institutions that teach the norms and values of society.
社会化机构是传授社会规范和价值观的个人、群体与制度。
Family is the primary agent of socialisation, shaping a child's first understanding of language, relationships and basic values.
家庭是初级社会化的主要机构，塑造儿童对语言、人际关系和基本价值观的最初理解。
Education introduces formal knowledge and also transmits values like punctuality, respect for authority and cooperation.
教育引入正式知识，同时传递准时、尊重权威和合作等价值观。
Peer group becomes increasingly important during adolescence, offering a space away from adult control where young people develop independent identities.
同辈群体在青春期变得日益重要，提供远离成人控制的空间，让年轻人发展独立的身份。
Mass media exposes individuals to a wide range of norms, lifestyles and role models, powerfully influencing attitudes and consumption.
大众媒体使个体接触广泛的规范、生活方式和角色模范，强有力地影响态度与消费。
Workplace resocialises individuals into professional norms, such as punctuality, teamworking and hierarchy.
工作场所对个体进行再社会化，使其接纳职业规范，如守时、团队合作和等级制度。
10. Sociological Perspectives: A Brief Introduction | 社会学视角简介
Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts (institutions) that work together to maintain stability and consensus. Each part fulfils a function that benefits the whole.
功能主义将社会视为一个由相互关联的部分（制度）构成的系统，各部分共同协作以维持稳定与共识。每一部分履行有益于整体的功能。
Marxism focuses on conflict between social classes, especially the bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers). It argues that social institutions serve the interests of the ruling class and maintain inequality.
马克思主义关注社会阶级之间的冲突，特别是资产阶级（所有者）和无产阶级（工人）。它认为社会制度为统治阶级利益服务并维持不平等。
Feminism examines gender inequalities and seeks to understand how society is structured in ways that disadvantage women. Different strands highlight patriarchy, socialisation and institutional discrimination.
女性主义审视性别不平等，并试图理解社会结构如何使女性处于不利地位。不同流派强调父权制、社会化和制度性歧视。
Interactionism takes a micro-level approach, focusing on how individuals interpret and give meaning to social interactions, rather than on large-scale social structures.
互动论采取微观层面的视角，关注个体如何理解社会互动并赋予其意义，而非关注大规模社会结构。
Consensus and conflict are two broad ways sociologists explain social order: consensus theories see shared norms as the glue, while conflict theories see power and coercion as central.
共识与冲突是社会学解释社会秩序的两大路径：共识理论将共享规范视为黏合剂，而冲突理论将权力和强制视为核心。
Socialisation from these perspectives is understood either as a smooth process integrating individuals (functionalism) or as a mechanism reproducing inequality (Marxism and feminism).
从不同视角来看，社会化要么被视为将个体顺利整合的过程（功能主义），要么被视为再生产不平等的机制（马克思主义和女性主义）。
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