Year 9 OCR Computer Science: Key Terms Quick Reference Guide | Year 9 OCR 计算机：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 9 OCR Computer Science: Key Terms Quick Reference Guide | Year 9 OCR 计算机：关键术语速记指南

Mastering the vocabulary of computer science is the first and most crucial step towards excelling in your OCR Year 9 course. Without a solid grasp of the terminology, understanding more complex concepts like algorithm design or data representation becomes unnecessarily difficult. This guide is crafted to help you build that essential foundation by presenting key terms in a clear, bilingual format, making memorization faster and more effective.

掌握计算机科学的词汇，是在 OCR Year 9 课程中脱颖而出的第一步，也是最关键的一步。如果对术语没有扎实的理解，想要掌握算法设计或数据表示等更复杂的概念就会变得异常困难。本指南旨在通过清晰的双语格式呈现关键术语，帮助你建立这一必要的基础，让记忆更快、更有效。

1. Abstraction | 抽象化

Abstraction is the process of removing unnecessary details to focus on the important parts of a problem. It is a fundamental concept in computational thinking, allowing us to create simplified models of complex real-world systems.

抽象化是指移除不必要的细节，专注于问题重要部分的过程。它是计算思维中的一个基本概念，使我们能为复杂的现实世界系统创建简化模型。

For instance, when using a satellite navigation app, you see a simplified map showing only roads and turns, not every tree or building. The app has abstracted the complexity of the physical world into a model that solves the problem of navigation efficiently.

例如，使用卫星导航应用程序时，你看到的是一张只显示道路和转弯的简化地图，而不是每棵树或每栋建筑。该应用程序将现实世界的复杂性抽象为一个能高效解决导航问题的模型。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Abstraction	抽象化	Focusing on what is important; ignoring irrelevant detail

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2. Decomposition | 分解

Decomposition means breaking down a large, complex problem into smaller, more manageable sub-problems. Each part can then be solved individually, making the overall task less daunting.

分解是指将一个庞大、复杂的问题拆解成更小、更易于管理的子问题。然后可以逐一解决每个部分，从而降低整体任务的难度。

Writing a computer game is a huge task. Through decomposition, it can be broken down into smaller problems like designing characters, programming movement, creating sound effects, and developing levels. Each of these sub-problems can be assigned to different teams or tackled one at a time.

编写一个电脑游戏是一项艰巨的任务。通过分解，它可以被拆分成更小的问题，如设计角色、编程移动、创建音效和开发关卡。每个子问题都可以分配给不同的团队或逐一解决。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Decomposition	分解	Breaking a big problem into smaller, simpler pieces

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3. Algorithm | 算法

An algorithm is a precise, step-by-step sequence of instructions designed to perform a specific task or solve a problem. Algorithms are not written in a programming language initially; they are logical plans that can be expressed in pseudocode or flowcharts.

算法是为执行特定任务或解决问题而设计的一系列精确、逐步的指令序列。算法最初并非用编程语言编写，而是可以用伪代码或流程图表达的逻辑计划。

A recipe for baking a cake is a perfect analogy for an algorithm. It has a clear set of inputs (ingredients), a step-by-step process (mixing, baking), and an expected output (the finished cake). In computer science, we design algorithms for tasks like searching for a name in a list or calculating the shortest route.

烘焙蛋糕的食谱是算法的一个完美类比。它有一套明确的输入（原料）、一步步的过程（搅拌、烘烤）和预期的输出（成品蛋糕）。在计算机科学中，我们为诸如在列表中搜索姓名或计算最短路径等任务设计算法。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Algorithm	算法	A step-by-step plan to solve a problem

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4. Pseudocode | 伪代码

Pseudocode is a simplified, informal way of writing out an algorithm using plain English mixed with programming-like structures. It is not a real programming language and cannot be executed by a computer, but it helps programmers plan logic without worrying about strict syntax.

伪代码是一种简化的、非正式的算法书写方式，使用简明英语并混合类似编程的结构。它不是真正的编程语言，无法被计算机执行，但它能帮助程序员在不担心严格语法的情况下规划逻辑。

When designing a login check, pseudocode might look like: ssword, IF username equals stored_username AND password equals stored_password THEN OUTPUT "Access granted" ELSE OUTPUT "Access denied". This focuses on logic rather than Python or Java syntax.

在设计登录检查时，伪代码可能如下所示：输入用户名，输入密码，如果用户名等于存储的用户名且密码等于存储的密码，则输出“访问授权”，否则输出“访问拒绝”。这侧重于逻辑而非 Python 或 Java 语法。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Pseudocode	伪代码	A human-readable plan for code logic

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5. Variable | 变量

In programming, a variable is a named storage location in a computer's memory that holds a value which can change as the program runs. You can think of it as a labelled box where you can store, retrieve, and update data.

在编程中，变量是计算机内存中的一个命名存储位置，它保存一个在程序运行时可以改变的值。你可以把它想象成一个带标签的盒子，你可以在里面存储、检索和更新数据。

A common example is a score variable in a game. At the start, score = 0. Every time a player collects a coin, the program updates the variable, for example, score = score + 10. The value held in the box labelled 'score' changes throughout the game.

一个常见的例子是游戏中的 score（分数）变量。开始时，score = 0。每当玩家收集到一枚硬币，程序就会更新这个变量，例如 score = score + 10。标有 'score' 的盒子里保存的值会在整个游戏过程中发生变化。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Variable	变量	A named storage spot for data that can change

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6. Constant | 常量

A constant is similar to a variable, but its value is set once and cannot be changed while the program is running. Using constants makes code easier to read and update, as the fixed value is defined in one place.

常量与变量类似，但它的值只设置一次，在程序运行时无法更改。使用常量使代码更易于阅读和更新，因为固定值只在一个地方定义。

The mathematical value of Pi (π), which is approximately 3.14159, is often stored as a constant named PI. A program calculating the area of a circle would use AREA = PI × radius². You would never want the value of Pi to accidentally change mid-calculation.

数学值圆周率 (π)，约为 3.14159，通常被存储为一个名为 PI 的常量。计算圆面积的程序会使用 面积 = PI × 半径²。你绝不会希望 π 的值在计算过程中意外改变。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Constant	常量	A named storage spot for data that stays fixed

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7. Iteration | 迭代

Iteration refers to the repetition of a block of code. It is a core programming construct that allows you to automate repetitive tasks efficiently using loops, such as FOR, WHILE, or DO...UNTIL loops.

迭代指的是一段代码块的重复执行。它是一种核心的编程结构，允许你使用循环（如 FOR、WHILE 或 DO...UNTIL 循环）高效地自动执行重复性任务。

If you need to print the word "Hello" 100 times, writing 100 lines of print statements is tedious. Using iteration, you can simply use a FOR loop counter that runs from 1 to 100, containing a single print statement. Iteration is also vital for searching and sorting data.

如果你需要打印 "Hello" 这个词一百遍，写一百行打印语句是乏味的。使用迭代，你可以简单地使用一个 FOR 循环计数器，从 1 运行到 100，其中只包含一行打印语句。迭代对于搜索和排序数据也至关重要。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Iteration	迭代	Repeating a section of code (looping)

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8. Binary | 二进制

Binary is a base-2 number system used by computers, consisting of only two digits: 0 and 1. These are called bits. All data in a computer—text, images, sound, and video—is ultimately stored and processed as long sequences of binary digits.

二进制是计算机使用的基数为 2 的数字系统，仅由两个数字组成：0 和 1。这些数字被称为位。计算机中的所有数据——文本、图像、声音和视频——最终都以长串的二进制数字形式存储和处理。

binary is the fundamental language of hardware. For example, the decimal number 13 is represented in 8-bit binary as 00001101, where each position represents a power of 2 (128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1).

因为数字电路可以轻松表示两种状态（开 = 1，关 = 0），所以二进制是硬件的基本语言。例如，十进制数 13 在 8 位二进制中表示为 00001101，其中每个位置代表 2 的幂次（128、64、32、16、8、4、2、1）。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Binary	二进制	The 0s and 1s language of all computers

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9. Logic Gates | 逻辑门

Logic gates are the physical building blocks of a computer's digital circuitry. They take one or more binary inputs and produce a single binary output based on a logical rule. The fundamental gates are AND, OR, and NOT.

逻辑门是计算机数字电路的物理构建块。它们接收一个或多个二进制输入，并根据逻辑规则产生单个二进制输出。基本的逻辑门有 AND（与门）、OR（或门）和 NOT（非门）。

An AND gate will only output 1 if both its inputs are 1. An OR gate outputs 1 if at least one input is 1. A NOT gate simply inverts the input (1 becomes 0, 0 becomes 1). Millions of these gates are combined to create processors and memory chips.

一个 AND 门（与门）只有在所有输入都为 1 时才会输出 1。一个 OR 门（或门）只要有至少一个输入为 1 就会输出 1。而 NOT 门（非门）则简单地反转输入（1 变 0，0 变 1）。数百万个这样的门组合在一起，构成了处理器和内存芯片。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Logic Gates	逻辑门	Digital switches that perform boolean operations

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10. Input, Process, Output (IPO) Model | 输入-处理-输出模型

The Input-Process-Output model is a fundamental concept describing the basic structure of any computer program or system. Data is entered (Input), operated on or manipulated (Process), and then results are displayed or stored (Output).

输入-处理-输出模型是描述任何计算机程序或系统基本结构的一个基础概念。数据被输入（输入），经过操作或处理（处理），然后结果被显示或存储（输出）。

Consider a calculator app. The input is the numbers and mathematical operators you type (e.g., 12, +, 7). The process is the CPU performing the addition calculation. The output is the number 19 displayed on the screen. This model underpins all software design.

以一个计算器应用程序为例。输入是你键入的数字和数学运算符（例如，12, +, 7）。处理是 CPU 执行加法计算。输出是显示在屏幕上的数字 19。这个模型是所有软件设计的基础。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
IPO Model	输入-处理-输出模型	The standard sequence of how all programs work

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11. Sequencing | 顺序执行

Sequencing is the principle that computer instructions are executed in a specific order, one after the other, from top to bottom. It is the most basic control structure and ensures that tasks are completed in the correct logical steps.

顺序执行是指计算机指令按照特定顺序、从上到下一个接一个地执行的原则。它是最基本的控制结构，确保任务以正确的逻辑步骤完成。

To make a cup of tea, the sequence matters: you must boil the water before pouring it into the cup. If you pour cold water and then try to boil it, the output is ruined. Similarly, in a program to calculate a total, you must INPUT numbers first, THEN perform the sum, THEN DISPLAY the total.

要泡一杯茶，顺序很重要：你必须先烧水，再把水倒入杯中。如果你先倒冷水再试图烧开它，结果就搞砸了。同样，在计算总数的程序中，你必须先输入数字，然后计算总和，再显示总数。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Sequencing	顺序执行	Doing steps in a strict logical order

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12. Selection | 选择

Selection is a programming construct that allows a program to make decisions and execute different blocks of code based on whether a condition is true or false. It is typically implemented using IF...THEN...ELSE and SWITCH...CASE statements.

选择是一种编程结构，它允许程序根据某个条件的真或假来做出决策，并执行不同的代码块。它通常使用 IF...THEN...ELSE 和 SWITCH...CASE 语句来实现。

This creates paths through the program—a fork in the road. For instance: IF temperature < 0 THEN OUTPUT "Risk of ice", ELSE OUTPUT "No ice warning". The program evaluates the temperature variable and chooses exactly one path to follow.

这在程序中创建了不同的路径——一个岔路口。例如：如果 温度 < 0，则 输出 "结冰风险"，否则 输出 "无结冰警告"。程序会评估温度变量，并恰好选择一条路径来执行。

English Term	中文术语	Core Idea
Selection	选择	Making a choice in code based on a condition

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Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

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