📚 Summer Preparation and Bridging Course for Year 9 WJEC Engineering | Year 9 WJEC 工程：暑期预习与衔接课程
Moving from Year 8 into Year 9 is an exciting step, especially when you are about to start your WJEC Engineering course. This bridging programme is designed to introduce you to the key concepts, practical skills and creative thinking needed to succeed. Whether you are completely new to the subject or have enjoyed tinkering with models, the summer is the perfect time to build a strong foundation and ignite your engineering curiosity.
从八年级升入九年级是令人兴奋的一步，尤其当你即将开始 WJEC 工程课程。这个衔接课程旨在向你介绍取得成功所需的核心概念、实践技能和创造性思维。无论你对该学科完全陌生还是喜欢摆弄模型，暑假都是打下坚实基础、点燃工程好奇心的最佳时机。
1. What is Engineering? | 什么是工程？
Engineering is the creative application of science and mathematics to design, build and improve the world around us. It involves solving real problems by turning ideas into practical solutions — from bridges and smartphones to medical devices and renewable energy systems. In your WJEC Year 9 Engineering course, you will explore a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, electrical and structural engineering, through hands-on projects that develop your practical abilities, analytical thinking and teamwork.
工程是创造性地运用科学和数学来设计、建造和改善我们周围世界的学科。它涉及通过将想法转化为切实可行的方案来解决现实问题——从桥梁和智能手机到医疗设备和可再生能源系统。在你 WJEC 九年级工程课程中，你将通过动手项目探索机械、电气和结构工程等多个领域，培养实践能力、分析思维和团队合作精神。
2. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程
The engineering design process helps you move from an idea to a finished product in a structured way.
工程设计流程帮助你以结构化方式从构思走向成品。
• Identify the problem or need.
• 识别问题或需求。
• Research existing solutions and gather specifications.
• 研究现有解决方案并收集规格要求。
• Brainstorm and generate a range of possible ideas.
• 头脑风暴，提出一系列可能的想法。
• Evaluate ideas and select the most promising design.
• 评估想法并选择最有前景的设计。
• Develop detailed drawings and a prototype.
• 绘制详细图纸并制作原型。
• Test and evaluate the prototype against the specification.
• 根据规格对原型进行测试与评估。
• Refine the design, make improvements and communicate the final solution.
• 优化设计，进行改进并传达最终解决方案。
3. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其属性
Selecting the right material is one of the most important decisions an engineer makes. You need to match properties to the function of a product. The table below introduces some common engineering materials and their key characteristics.
选择合适的材料是工程师做出的最重要决策之一。你需要将材料属性与产品功能匹配。下表介绍了一些常见工程材料及其关键特性。
| Material | 材料 | Key Properties | 主要特性 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mild steel | 低碳钢 | High tensile strength, ductile, magnetic, recyclable | 高抗拉强度，延展性好，有磁性，可回收 |
| Aluminium alloy | 铝合金 | Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, good conductor of heat and electricity | 轻质，耐腐蚀，导热导电性好 |
| Polypropylene (PP) | 聚丙烯 | Tough, flexible, chemical-resistant, recyclable | 坚韧，柔韧，耐化学腐蚀，可回收 |
| Pine wood | 松木 | Easy to cut and shape, sustainable, good insulator | 易于切割成型，可持续，良好绝缘体 |
| Acrylic | 亚克力 | Transparent, shatter-resistant, can be laser cut and polished | 透明，抗冲击，可激光切割和抛光 |
When choosing a material, think about strength, weight, cost, appearance and how it will be processed. This is called material selection.
在选择材料时，要考虑强度、重量、成本、外观以及加工方式。这称为材料选择。
4. Introduction to Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺入门
Engineers use a variety of processes to turn raw materials into finished parts. Common operations include cutting, shaping, joining and finishing. For example, sawing and shearing are used to cut stock to size, while bending and casting help create complex forms. Drilling creates holes, and filing or sanding smooths edges. In the workshop you will learn to use hand tools as well as machine tools like the pillar drill. Modern digital manufacturing, such as 3D printing, allows you to build prototypes layer by layer directly from a computer model.
工程师使用多种工艺将原材料制成成品零件。常见操作包括切割、成型、连接和精加工。例如，锯切和剪板用来将坯料切至所需尺寸，而弯曲和铸造有助于创建复杂形状。钻孔加工孔洞，锉削或打磨修整边缘。在车间里，你将学习使用手工工具以及台钻等机床。现代数字化制造，如 3D 打印，允许你直接从计算机模型逐层构建原型。
5. Measuring and Marking Out | 测量与划线
ntial measuring tools include the steel rule for basic measurements, the vernier caliper for precise internal and external dimensions, and the engineer' in the WJEC workshop are taken in millimetres (mm), and you will be expected to work to tolerances of ±0.5 mm on many tasks.
精确测量是优质工程的基础。在切割或成型任何材料之前，你必须准确划线。基本测量工具包括用于一般测量的钢尺、用于精确内外径测量的游标卡尺，以及用于检查直角的工程师角尺。划线针或中心冲等划线工具帮助将尺寸转移到工件上。WJEC 车间中的所有测量均以毫米为单位，并且在许多任务中你需要达到±0.5 毫米的公差。
6. Hand Tools and Workshop Safety | 手工工具与车间安全
Common hand tools you will use include:
你将使用的常见手工工具包括：
• Hacksaw – for cutting metal and plastic.
• 钢锯——用于切割金属和塑料。
• Flat file and half‑round file – for smoothing and shaping.
• 平锉和半圆锉——用于修整和成型。
• Ball‑pein hammer – for striking and forming.
• 圆头锤——用于敲击和成形。
• Screwdrivers and spanners – for assembly.
• 螺丝刀和扳手——用于装配。
Safety in the workshop is everyone's responsibility. Follow these rules at all times:
车间安全人人有责。请始终遵守以下规则：
• Always wear eye protection and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
• 始终佩戴护目镜和适当的个人防护装备。
• Keep your work area clean and free from clutter.
• 保持工作区域整洁无杂物。
• Never use a machine or tool unless you have received training and permission.
• 未经培训和许可，切勿使用任何机床或工具。
• Report all accidents, breakages and spills to your teacher immediately.
• 立即向老师报告所有事故、破损和泄漏。
7. Simple Mechanical Principles | 简单机械原理
Mechanical systems allow us to change the size, direction or type of a force. You will explore levers, pulleys and gears. A lever pivots around a fulcrum, and the turning effect is called torque.
机械系统让我们能够改变力的大小、方向或类型。你将探索杠杆、滑轮和齿轮。杠杆围绕支点转动，其转动效应称为力矩。
Torque = Force × perpendicular distance from pivot
力矩 = 力 × 到支点的垂直距离
Levers are classed as first, second or third class depending on the relative positions of effort, load and fulcrum. Mechanical advantage (MA) tells us how much a mechanism multiplies the effort force.
杠杆根据作用力、负载和支点的位置分为一类、二类和三类杠杆。机械效益（MA）告诉我们机构将作用力放大了多少倍。
Mechanical Advantage = Load ÷ Effort
机械效益 = 负载 ÷ 作用力
Gears transmit rotary motion; the gear ratio is determined by the number of teeth on the driving and driven gears. You will calculate speed and torque changes in simple gear trains.
齿轮传递旋转运动；传动比由主动轮和从动轮的齿数决定。你将计算简单齿轮系中的速度和扭矩变化。
8. Basics of Electronic Systems | 电子系统基础
Many modern engineered products contain electronic circuits. An electronic system is often represented by an input-process-output model. You will learn to recognise common components such as resistors, light‑emitting diodes (LEDs), switches and batteries. The fundamental relationship between voltage, current and resistance is given by Ohm's Law.
许多现代工程产品包含电子电路。电子系统通常用输入-处理-输出模型表示。你将学习识别常见元件，如电阻器、发光二极管（LED）、开关和电池。电压、电流和电阻之间的基本关系由欧姆定律给出。
V = I × R
V: Voltage (V) I: Current (A) R: Resistance (Ω)
You will also explore series and parallel circuits and measure values using a multimeter.
例如，若一个 10 Ω 的电阻器流过 0.2 A 的电流，则其两端的电压为 10 × 0.2 = 2 V。你还将探索串并联电路，并使用万用表进行测量。
9. Sustainability in Engineering | 工程的可持续性
Engineers must consider the environmental impact of their designs throughout a product's life — from raw material extraction to disposal. The 6Rs framework helps you think sustainably.
工程师必须考虑其设计在整个产品生命周期——从原材料提取到废弃——对环境的影响。6R 框架有助于你进行可持续思考。
• Reduce – use fewer materials and less energy.
• 减量化——使用更少的材料和能源。
• Reuse – design products that can be used again for the same purpose.
• 再利用——设计能够再次用于同一目的的产品。
• Recycle – turn waste materials into new products.
• 回收——将废旧材料转化为新产品。
• Rethink – find smarter ways to fulfil a need.
• 重新思考——寻找更巧妙的方式来满足需求。
• Refuse – avoid using materials that damage the environment.
• 拒绝——避免使用对环境有害的材料。
• Repair – make products easy to fix so they last longer.
• 修复——使产品易于修理从而延长使用寿命。
Choosing recycled polymers or FSC‑certified timber and designing for disassembly are practical examples you will encounter.
选择再生聚合物或 FSC 认证的木材，以及便于拆解的设计，都是你将遇到的实际例子。
10. Maths Skills for Engineers | 工程师的数学技能
Engineering relies heavily on mathematics to calculate quantities, forces and dimensions. You will need to be confident with units, areas, volumes and ratios.
工程在很大程度上依赖数学来计算数量、力和尺寸。你需要熟练运用单位、面积、体积和比率。
Area of rectangle = length × width (A = l × w)
矩形面积 = 长 × 宽 (A = l × w)
Volume of cuboid = length × width × height (V = l × w × h)
长方体体积 = 长 × 宽 × 高 (V = l × w × h)
Density (ρ) = Mass (m) ÷ Volume (V)
密度 (ρ) = 质量 (m) ÷ 体积 (V)
When scaling a drawing, a scale of 1:2 means the real object is twice as large as
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