📚 Year 9 WJEC PE: Key Terminology Quick-Learn Guide | 九年级WJEC体育：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Physical Education is the first step to excelling in both theory and practice. This guide breaks down essential WJEC Year 9 PE terms into memorable bite-sized ideas, linking each concept to relatable examples from sport and exercise. Use these explanations and memory hooks to build your confidence, whether you are revising for an assessment or preparing for a practical session.
掌握体育学科的语言，是在理论与实践两方面取得优异成绩的第一步。这份指南将 WJEC 九年级体育的核心术语拆解成易于记忆的小模块，并将每个概念与运动和锻炼中的实际例子联系起来。无论你是在为考试复习，还是为实践课做准备，都可以借助这些解释和记忆技巧来建立自信。
1. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terms | 心血管与呼吸系统术语
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Key terms include heart rate (HR), the number of times your heart beats per minute, and stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. When you exercise, your cardiac output (Q) ses because both heart rate and stroke volume increase. Remember the equation Q = HR × SV.
心血管系统由心脏、血管和血液组成。关键术语包括心率（HR），即心脏每分钟跳动的次数，以及每搏输出量，即左心室每次搏动泵出的血液量。运动时，你的心输出量（Q）会上升，因为心率和每搏输出量都增加了。记住公式：心输出量 = 心率 × 每搏输出量。
On the respiratory side, tidal volume is the amount of air you breathe in and out with each normal breath, while minute ventilation is the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute. During exercise, tidal volume and breathing rate both climb, driving up minute ventilation. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale after a maximum inhalation – a measure often larger in trained athletes.
在呼吸系统方面，潮气量是你每次正常呼吸吸入和呼出的空气量，而每分通气量是每分钟进出肺部的空气总量。运动时，潮气量和呼吸频率都会升高，从而提高每分通气量。肺活量是你在最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大空气量——训练有素的运动员通常肺活量更大。
Memory tip: visualise the heart as a pump and the lungs as bellows. The pump's 'stroke' pushes blood out, and the bellows draw in fresh air. Linking a mental image to each term makes recall faster.
记忆技巧：把心脏想象成一个水泵，把肺想象成风箱。水泵的「冲程」推动血液，风箱则吸入新鲜空气。为每个术语配上心理图像，能让回忆更快。
2. Components of Fitness: Health-Related | 健康相关体适能要素
Health-related fitness components are the foundations of a healthy, active life. Cardiovascular endurance (aerobic power) is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during sustained activity. Muscular endurance is the capacity of a muscle or muscle group to repeat contractions without fatigue – think of a rower maintaining stroke power over 2000 metres.
健康相关体适能要素是健康积极生活的基础。心血管耐力（有氧能力）是心肺在持续活动中向工作肌肉供氧的能力。肌肉耐力是肌肉或肌群重复收缩而不出现疲劳的能力——想象一位赛艇运动员在2000米全程中保持划桨力量。
Muscular strength is the maximal force a muscle can exert in a single contraction, like a weightlifter's clean and jerk. Flexibility is the range of motion around a joint, crucial for injury prevention. Body composition describes the proportion of fat mass versus lean mass in the body. All five components can be improved through specific training methods.
肌肉力量是肌肉在单次收缩中能产生的最大力量，如同举重运动员的挺举。柔韧性是关节的活动范围，对预防损伤至关重要。身体成分描述的是体内脂肪质量与瘦体重的比例。所有五个要素都可以通过专门的训练方法得到改善。
A useful acronym for the health-related components is 'C MM FB' – Cardiovascular, Muscular (strength and endurance), Flexibility, Body composition. Turn it into a silly phrase like 'Cats Make Mice Flee Bravely' to lock it in memory.
一个有用的健康相关要素首字母缩略是「C MM FB」——心血管、肌肉（力量和耐力）、柔韧性、身体成分。把它编成一句荒诞的话，如「勇敢的猫让老鼠逃跑」，帮助记忆。
3. Components of Fitness: Skill-Related | 技能相关体适能要素
Skill-related fitness components enhance your ability to perform in games and sports. Agility is the capacity to change direction quickly while maintaining control – a netball player dodging a defender. Balance is keeping the body's centre of mass over its base of support, whether static (a gymnast's handstand) or dynamic (a snowboarder carving a turn).
技能相关体适能要素能提升你在比赛和运动中的表现能力。敏捷性是快速改变方向同时保持控制的能力——如篮网球运动员闪避防守者。平衡是保持身体重心在支撑面内，既可以是静态的（体操运动员的倒立），也可以是动态的（单板滑雪者转弯）。
Coordination is the smooth linking of body parts to produce controlled movement, such as hand-eye coordination in cricket batting. Power combines strength and speed – think of a volleyball spike or a long jump take-off. Reaction time is the delay between a stimulus and the start of a response; a sprinter reacts to the starting gun.
协调性是身体各部分顺畅连接，产生受控动作的能力，例如板球击球中的手眼协调。爆发力结合了力量与速度——想想排球扣球或跳远起跳。反应时是从刺激出现到反应开始之间的时间差；短跑运动员对发令枪作出反应。
Speed is the rate at which you can move the body or a body part from A to B. All these skill-related terms are often grouped as 'ABC PRS' – Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed. Create a sentence like 'All Big Cats Purr Really Slowly' for instant recall.
速度是你移动身体或身体部位从 A 到 B 的快慢程度。所有这些技能相关术语常被归类为「ABC PRS」——敏捷、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时、速度。编一个句子，如「所有大猫都慢慢地呼噜」，以快速回忆。
4. Principles of Training | 训练原则
Effective training programmes are built on the FITT and SPORT principles. FITT stands for Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), and Type (the kind of exercise). Adjusting any of these variables changes the training load. SPORT adds Specificity (training relevant to your sport), Progression (gradually increasing demands), Overload (working harder than normal), Reversibility (fitness is lost when training stops), and Tedium (boredom – variety is needed).
有效的训练计划建立在FITT 与 SPORT 原则之上。FITT 代表频率（多久一次）、强度（多辛苦）、时间（多久）和类型（运动种类）。调整其中任何一项都会改变训练负荷。SPORT 则增添了专项性（与你的运动项目相关的训练）、渐进性（逐步增加要求）、超负荷（以高于常态的水平训练）、可逆性（停止训练后体适能会下降），以及单调性（枯燥——需要变化）。
Overload can be achieved by increasing frequency, intensity, or time. For example, a runner might add an extra session per week (frequency), run at a faster pace (intensity), or extend the long run by 10 minutes (time). Remember that when overload is applied, the body adapts and becomes fitter – this is called adaptation.
超负荷可以通过增加频率、强度或时间来达成。例如，跑步者可以每周增加一次训练（频率）、跑得更快（强度），或者把长跑延长10分钟（时间）。记住，施加超负荷后，身体会适应并变得更健壮——这被称为适应。
A useful memory chain: 'Sally's Parents Often Request Tea' for SPORT. For FITT, just think 'How often? How hard? How long? What?' Keep asking those questions when evaluating any training plan.
有用的记忆链：用「莎莉的父母经常要茶」来记 SPORT 的首字母。对于 FITT，只需想「多久一次？多辛苦？多久？做什么？」在评估任何训练计划时不断问自己这些问题。
5. Methods of Training | 训练方法
Different training methods develop different fitness components. Continuous training involves steady exercise without rest periods – ideal for cardiovascular endurance. A 30-minute jog at a constant pace is a classic example. Interval training alternates bursts of high-intensity work with recovery intervals; it improves speed and anaerobic capacity.
不同的训练方法发展不同的体适能要素。持续训练涉及无间歇的稳定运动——非常适合锻炼心血管耐力。以恒定配速进行30分钟慢跑就是一个经典例子。间歇训练将高强度运动爆发与恢复间歇交替进行；它能改善速度和无氧能力。
Circuit training moves you through a series of exercise stations, targeting different muscle groups and often combining strength, endurance, and aerobic work. Plyometric training uses explosive rebound movements – think jump squats and box jumps – to develop power. Fartlek training, a Swedish term meaning 'speed play', blends continuous running with random bursts of speed, excellent for games players who need to change pace frequently.
循环训练让你依次经过一系列练习站点，针对不同肌群，通常结合力量、耐力和有氧训练。增强式训练利用爆发式的回弹动作——想想跳深蹲和跳箱——来发展爆发力。法特莱克训练（瑞典语意为「速度游戏」）将持续跑与随机的冲刺结合，非常适合需要频繁变换速度的球类运动员。
Link each method to a memorable athlete: continuous training – marathon runner; interval training – 400m sprinter; circuit training – gym-goer; plyometrics – basketball dunker; fartlek – hockey midfielder. Mentally tagging a method to an athlete makes the term concrete.
将每种训练方法和一位令人印象深刻的运动员联系起来：持续训练——马拉松选手；间歇训练——400米短跑选手；循环训练——健身房锻炼者；增强式训练——篮球扣将；法特莱克训练——曲棍球中场。把方法关联到运动员，能让术语变得具体。
6. Skeletal System & Movement Terms | 骨骼系统与动作术语
Knowledge of bones and joints underpins movement analysis. Key bones for WJEC Year 9 include the cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, and fibula. Joints like the ball-and-socket hip and shoulder, the hinge elbow and knee, and the pivot neck allow different movement types.
了解骨骼和关节是动作分析的基础。WJEC 九年级需要掌握的关键骨骼包括颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨和腓骨。诸如球窝关节（髋、肩）、屈戌关节（肘、膝）和枢轴关节（颈）等关节允许不同的动作类型。
Movement terminology describes what happens at joints. Flexion reduces the angle at a joint (bending the elbow), while extension increases it (straightening the elbow). Abduction moves a limb away from the body's midline; adduction brings it back. Rotation is turning around an axis, such as shaking your head 'no'.
动作术语描述关节处发生的情况。屈曲减小关节角度（弯曲肘部），而伸展增加关节角度（伸直肘部）。外展使肢体远离身体中线；内收则将其带回。旋转是绕轴转动，例如摇头表示「不」。
Pair each movement term with a sports action: flexion – bicep curl; extension – kicking a ball; abduction – star jump; adduction – bringing arms back to sides during a jumping jack; rotation – golf swing. Kinaesthetic memory strengthens recall: physically perform the action while saying the word.
将每个动作术语与体育动作配对：屈曲——肱二头肌弯举；伸展——踢球；外展——星形跳跃；内收——开合跳中手臂收回体侧；旋转——高尔夫挥杆。动觉记忆能强化回忆：一边说出术语，一边实际做出该动作。
7. Muscles & Antagonistic Pairs | 肌肉与拮抗肌群
Muscles pull on bones to create movement. The agonist (prime mover) is the muscle contracting to cause the desired movement. The antagonist relaxes to allow the movement and can contract to help control the motion's speed and smoothness. For example, during a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist, and the triceps brachii is the antagonist.
肌肉拉动骨骼产生运动。主动肌（原动肌）是收缩以引发所需动作的肌肉。拮抗肌则放松以使动作得以进行，并且可以收缩以帮助控制动作的速度与流畅性。例如，在肱二头肌弯举时，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。
Key muscles to know include the deltoid (shoulder abduction), pectoralis major (chest), latissimus dorsi (back, pulling movements), abdominals (trunk flexion), quadriceps (knee extension), hamstrings (knee flexion and hip extension), gastrocnemius (calf, plantar flexion), and tibialis anterior (shin, dorsiflexion).
需要了解的关键肌肉包括三角肌（肩关节外展）、胸大肌（胸部）、背阔肌（背部，牵拉动作）、腹肌（躯干屈曲）、股四头肌（膝关节伸展）、腘绳肌（膝关节屈曲与髋关节伸展）、腓肠肌（小腿，跖屈）和胫骨前肌（胫前，背屈）。
A simple way to remember antagonistic pairs is to think of a seesaw: when one side goes up (agonist contracts), the other goes down (antagonist relaxes). Chant the pairs rhythmically: 'Biceps – triceps, quadriceps – hamstrings, gastrocnemius – tibialis anterior.' Rhythm aids long-term memory.
一个记住拮抗肌对的简单方法是把它们想象成跷跷板：当一边升起（主动肌收缩），另一边就下降（拮抗肌放松）。有节奏地唱念这些肌对：「肱二头肌——肱三头肌，股四头肌——腘绳肌，腓肠肌——胫骨前肌。」节奏有助于长期记忆。
8. Skill Acquisition & Feedback | 技能习得与反馈
When learning new sport skills, we pass through stages. Cognitive stage – the learner understands the basics, but movement is jerky and full of errors. Associative stage – practice refines performance, errors become fewer, and consistency grows. Autonomous stage – the skill is performed automatically with little conscious thought, freeing the mind for strategy.
在学习新的运动技能时，我们会经历几个阶段。认知阶段——学习者理解基本要领，但动作生硬且充满错误。联结阶段——练习使表现精进，错误减少，一致性增强。自主阶段——技能执行自动化，几乎不需要意识参与，从而腾出心智思考策略。
Feedback is information about performance. Intrinsic feedback comes from the performer's own senses – e.g., a tennis player feeling a clean contact. Extrinsic feedback is provided by an external source, such as a coach's comment or video analysis. Knowledge of results tells you the outcome (score, time), while knowledge of performance gives details about movement quality.
反馈是关于表现的信息。内在反馈来自运动者自身的感觉——例如，网球运动员感受到一次利落的击球。外在反馈由外部来源提供，如教练的评语或视频分析。结果知晓告诉你结果（得分、时间），而表现知晓则提供关于动作质量的细节。
Create a story linking the stages: 'I Cognitively thought about the movement, Associated my muscles with the pattern, and finally became an Autonomous machine.' For feedback types, remember 'Inside (intrinsic), Outside (extrinsic), Goal (results), and Quality (performance).'
编一个将各阶段串联起来的故事：「我认知地思考动作，把我的肌肉与模式联结起来，最终变成一台自主的机器。」对于反馈类型，可记住「内在（内在），外在（外在），目标（结果），质量（表现）」这几个要点。
9. Health, Fitness & Well-being | 健康、体适能与康乐
It is vital to distinguish between health and fitness. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of illness. Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment – it can be sport-specific or general. You can be fit for a particular sport but not necessarily healthy if, for example, you ignore recovery or mental balance.
区分健康与体适能至关重要。健康是生理、心理和社会方面的全面康乐状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。体适能是满足环境需求的能力——它可以是针对特定运动项目的，也可以是一般性的。你有可能在某个运动项目上很适能，但如果忽视恢复或心理平衡，你可能并不健康。
Regular physical activity brings both physical and mental well-being benefits. Physically, it reduces the risk of obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Mentally, it relieves stress, enhances mood through the release of endorphins, and boosts self-esteem. Socially, team sports foster friendships and cooperation.
规律的体育活动能带来身体与心理两方面的康乐益处。身体上，它能降低肥胖、二型糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险。心理上，它能通过释放内啡肽来缓解压力、改善情绪，并提升自尊。社交方面，团队运动促进友谊与合作。
Use the 'Three Pillars' image: Physical, Mental, Social. Think of a stool with three legs – remove any one, and health wobbles. When asked to define health, always mention all three dimensions.
使用「三大支柱」的形象：生理、心理、社交。想象一张有三条腿的凳子——抽掉任何一条，健康都会摇晃。当需要定义健康时，务必提及所有三个维度。
10. Data & Technology in Sport | 体育中的数据与技术
Technology plays a growing role in PE. Heart rate monitors provide real-time data on exercise intensity. GPS trackers map distance covered, speed zones, and movement patterns, especially in team sports. Video analysis software allows coaches and athletes to break down technique frame by frame, offering precise extrinsic feedback.
技术在体育中扮演着越来越重要的角色。心率监测器提供运动强度的实时数据。GPS追踪器可以绘制跑动距离、速度区间和移动模式，尤其是在团队项目中。视频分析软件让教练和运动员能够逐帧解析技术动作，提供精准的外在反馈。
Key data terms include quantitative data (numerical information, such as heart rate or sprint times) and qualitative data (descriptive, like a coach's note on technique). Understanding the difference helps you evaluate performance. Validity means the test measures what it claims to measure; reliability means the test yields consistent results when repeated under the same conditions.
关键数据术语包括定量数据（数字信息，如心率或冲刺时间）和定性数据（描述性信息，如教练对技术的点评）。理解两者的区别有助于你评估表现。有效性指测试确能测量其所声称测量的内容；可靠性指在相同条件下重复测试能得到一致的结果。
A quick memory trick: 'Quantities have numbers, Qualities have words.' For validity vs reliability, picture an archery target – validity means arrows hit the bullseye (correct focus), reliability means arrows are tightly grouped (consistent) even if off-centre.
快速记忆技巧：「定量有数字，定性有言语。」对于有效性与可靠性，可以想象一个射箭靶——有效性意味着箭射中靶心（正确的焦点），可靠性意味着箭密集地聚在一起（一致性），即便未中靶心。
11. Diet & Nutrition Basics | 饮食与营养基础
Nutrition fuels performance. Carbohydrates are the body's main energy source, stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver. Fats provide slow-release energy and protect organs. Proteins repair and build muscle tissue. A balanced diet includes sufficient micronutrients – vitamins and minerals – for functions like energy release and bone health.
营养为运动表现提供燃料。碳水化合物是身体的主要能量来源，以糖原形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中。脂肪提供缓慢释放的能量并保护器官。蛋白质修复和构建肌肉组织。均衡的饮食还应包含充足的微量营养素——维生素和矿物质，用于能量释放和骨骼健康等功能。
Hydration is critical; losing as little as 2 % of body weight through fluid can impair performance. The glycaemic index (GI) ranks carbohydrates by how quickly they raise blood sugar. Low-GI foods (oats, wholemeal bread) provide sustained energy, making them ideal pre-exercise meals.
水合作用至关重要；只要通过汗液流失体重2%的水分就可能损害运动表现。血糖生成指数（GI）根据碳水化合物升高血糖的速度对其进行排名。低 GI 食物（燕麦、全麦面包）提供持续能量，是运动前的理想膳食。
= carbs (energy), chicken = protein (repair), avocado = healthy fats. Hydration reminder: 'If you are thirsty, you are already dehydrated.' The acronym 'CHOP' – Carbs, Hydration, Oils (fats), Proteins – can help you remember the key nutritional pillars.
将术语与食物联系起来：意大利面 = 碳水化合物（能量），鸡肉 = 蛋白质（修复），牛油果 = 健康脂肪。水合作用提醒：「感到口渴时，你已经脱水了。」缩写「CHOP」——碳水化合物（Carbs）、水合（Hydration）、油脂（Oils/fats）、蛋白质（Proteins）——能帮你记住关键的营养支柱。
12. Quick-Learn Strategies Summary | 速记策略总结
Throughout this guide we have used several memory techniques: acronyms (FITT, SPORT, ABC PRS), silly sentences (Cats Make Mice Flee Bravely), rhythmic chants, mental imagery (pump and bellows, seesaw, archery target), and physical actions (kinaesthetic reinforcement). Combining these methods – visual, auditory, and movement-based – creates stronger neural pathways.
在本指南中，我们使用了多种记忆技巧：首字母缩略（FITT, SPORT, ABC PRS）、荒诞句子（勇敢的猫让老鼠逃跑）、有节奏的唱念、心理图像（水泵与风箱、跷跷板、射箭靶）以及身体动作（动觉强化）。将这些视觉、听觉和运动结合的方法融合使用，能建立更强大的神经通路。
Create your own personalised revision flashcards, with the English term on one side and both a definition and a memorable mnemonic on the reverse. Short, daily testing sessions are far more effective than last-minute cramming. Teach a term to a friend or family member – explaining a concept out loud deepens your own understanding.
制作你个人的复习闪卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写上定义和一个好记的口诀。短时间的每日测试远比考前突击更有效。把术语讲给朋友或家人听——大声解释概念能加深你自身的理解。
Finally, keep a 'terminology journal' during practical lessons. Every time you hear a coaching point like 'extend your knee' or 'increase your cadence', write it down with its definition. Contextual learning cements these words into your long-term memory, turning PE terminology from a memorisation chore into a natural part of your sporting language.
最后，在实践课上坚持写「术语日志」。每当你听到一个教练提示，如「伸展膝盖」或「提高步频」，就把它连同定义记录下来。情境化学习能把这些词汇牢固地植入长时记忆，使体育术语从枯燥的死记硬背变成你运动语言中自然的一部分。
Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
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