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Year 9 OCR Science: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 九年级 OCR 科学:公式定理速查手册

2026-07-18 17:41 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 9 OCR Science: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 九年级 OCR 科学:公式定理速查手册

This guide collects the essential formulas, equations and principles you will meet in Year 9 OCR Science. Use it to check your memory before a test, to practise rearranging equations, and to build confidence with the maths that sits inside every topic – whether you are working on forces, electricity, biological magnification or chemical masses. Every entry gives the formula in a clear layout, explains what each symbol means and gives a short example of how it is used.

本手册汇集了九年级 OCR 科学课程中的核心公式、方程式和原理。你可以在测验前用它检查记忆、练习公式变形,也可以借助它建立对科学计算的自信心——不管是力学、电学、生物放大还是化学质量计算,里面都给出了清晰的公式布局、符号含义和简短的应用示例。

1. Speed and Acceleration | 速度与加速度

Average speed is the distance travelled divided by the time taken. If the speed changes, we describe how quickly it changes with acceleration.

平均速度等于移动的距离除以所用的时间。如果速度发生变化,我们用加速度来描述速度变化的快慢。

v = s ÷ t

v: speed (m/s), s: distance (m), t: time (s).

v:速度(米/秒),s:距离(米),t:时间(秒)。

a = (v − u) ÷ t

a: acceleration (m/s²), v: final velocity (m/s), u: initial velocity (m/s), t: time (s). Acceleration can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down).

a:加速度(米/秒²),v:末速度(米/秒),u:初速度(米/秒),t:时间(秒)。加速度可以为正(加速)或负(减速)。


2. Force, Mass and Weight | 力、质量与重力

Newton’s Second Law tells us that a resultant force makes an object accelerate. Weight is a force caused by gravity acting on a mass.

牛顿第二定律告诉我们,合力会使物体加速。重量是作用在物体质量上的引力。

F = m × a

F: resultant force (N), m: mass (kg), a: acceleration (m/s²). One newton is the force that gives a 1 kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s².

F:合力(牛顿),m:质量(千克),a:加速度(米/秒²)。1 牛顿是使 1 千克物体产生 1 米/秒² 加速度的力。

W = m × g

l field strength (N/kg). On Earth g ≈ 9.8 N/kg, but OCR often uses 10 N/kg for simplicity.

W:重量(牛),m:质量(千克),g:引力场强度(牛/千克)。在地球表面 g 约 9.8 N/kg,为简便 OCR 常取 10 N/kg。


3. Density | 密度

Density links the mass of a substance to the volume it occupies. It helps you identify materials and predict whether they float or sink.

密度将物质的质量与其占据的体积联系起来。它能帮你辨认物质,并预测浮沉情况。

ρ = m ÷ V

³ or g/cm³), m: mass (kg or g), V: volume (m³ or cm³). Remember that 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³.

ρ:密度(千克/米³ 或 克/厘米³),m:质量(千克 或 克),V:体积(米³ 或 厘米³)。注意 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³。


4. Pressure | 压强

Pressure measures how concentrated a force is. A sharp edge creates high pressure with a small area; spreading the force reduces the pressure.

压强描述力的集中程度。尖锐的边缘因面积小而产生高压强;分散力可以降低压强。

P = F ÷ A

read (m²). 1 Pa = 1 N/m². In liquids, pressure also depends on depth and density: p = hρg.

P:压强(帕斯卡 或 牛/米²),F:力(牛),A:受力面积(米²)。1 Pa = 1 N/m²。液体压强还取决于深度和密度:p = hρg。


5. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率

When a force moves an object, work is done and energy is transferred. The rate at which energy is transferred is power.

力使物体移动时做功,能量发生转移。能量转移的速率就是功率。

W = F × d

W: work done (J), F: force (N), d: distance moved in the direction of the force (m). Work is measured in joules.

W:做功(焦耳),F:力(牛),d:沿力的方向移动的距离(米)。功的单位是焦耳。

Eₚ = m × g × h

Eₚ: gravitational potential energy (J), m: mass (kg), g: gravitational field strength (N/kg), h: height (m). The energy stored when an object is lifted.

Eₚ:重力势能(焦),m:质量(千克),g:引力场强度(牛/千克),h:高度(米)。物体被举起时储存的能量。

Eₖ = ½ × m × v²

Eₖ: kinetic energy (J), m: mass (kg), v: speed (m/s). Kinetic energy depends on the square of the speed – doubling the speed gives four times the kinetic energy.

Eₖ:动能(焦),m:质量(千克),v:速度(米/秒)。动能与速度的平方成正比——速度加倍,动能变为四倍。

P = W ÷ t

wer (W), W: work done or energy transferred (J), t: time (s). 1 watt = 1 joule per second.

P:功率(瓦特),W:做功或转移的能量(焦),t:时间(秒)。1 瓦特 = 1 焦耳/秒。


6. Efficiency | 效率

No machine is perfect; some energy is always lost, often as heat. Efficiency tells you how much of the input energy is turned into useful output.

没有完美的机器;总有一部分能量损耗,通常以热的形式散失。效率告诉你输入能量中有多少转化为有用的输出。

Efficiency = (useful output energy ÷ total input energy) × 100%

so be calculated using power: efficiency = (useful power output ÷ total power input) × 100%. Because energy cannot be destroyed, efficiency is never greater than 100%.

效率也可以用功率计算:效率 = (有用输出功率 ÷ 总输入功率)× 100%。由于能量无法被消灭,效率永远不会超过 100%。


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7. Ohm’s Law and Electrical Power | 欧姆定律与电功率

Ohm’s Law links voltage, current and resistance for a conductor at constant temperature. Electrical power measures how quickly a component transfers energy.

欧姆定律描述了恒定温度下导体的电压、电流与电阻的关系。电功率衡量元件转移能量的快慢。

V = I × R

V: potential difference (V), I: current (A), R: resistance (Ω). This tells you that if you double the voltage across a fixed resistor, the current doubles as well.

V:电势差(伏特),I:电流(安培),R:电阻(欧姆)。这说明如果固定电阻两端的电压加倍,电流也会加倍。

P = I × V

rks for any component. By combining with Ohm’s Law you also get P = I² × R and P = V² ÷ R.

P:功率(瓦),I:电流(安),V:电势差(伏)。该公式适用于任何元件。结合欧姆定律还可以得到 P = I² × R 和 P = V² ÷ R。

E = P × t

E: energy transferred (J or kWh), P: power (W or kW), t: time (s or h). Energy used is often measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) on electricity bills.

E:转移的能量(焦耳 或 千瓦时),P:功率(瓦 或 千瓦),t:时间(秒 或 小时)。日常用电常以千瓦时(kWh)计量。


8. Wave Speed | 波速

All waves – sound, light, water – share the same basic relationship between speed, frequency and wavelength.

所有波——声波、光波、水波——都满足相同的基本关系:波速等于频率乘以波长。

v = f × λ

v: wave speed (m/s), f: frequency (Hz), λ (lambda): wavelength (m). For example, a sound wave with frequency 440 Hz and wavelength 0.78 m travels at about 343 m/s in air.

v:波速(米/秒),f:频率(赫兹),λ(兰布达):波长(米)。例如,频率为 440 Hz、波长为 0.78 m 的声波在空气中的速度大约为 343 m/s。


9. Magnification | 放大倍数

When you use a microscope or a hand lens, the image you see is larger than the real object. Magnification tells you the scale factor.

使用显微镜或放大镜时,看到的图像比实物大。放大倍数表示放大的比例。

Magnification = image size ÷ actual size

Remember to use the same unit for both sizes (usually mm or µ is 25 mm across and the actual cell is 0.05 mm, magnification = 25 ÷ 0.05 = 500×. No unit – magnification is a ratio.

注意两段尺寸必须使用相同单位(通常为毫米或微米)。若细胞图像宽度为 25 mm,实际细胞为 0.05 mm,则放大倍数 = 25 ÷ 0.05 = 500 倍。放大倍数是一个比值,没有单位。


10. Relative Formula Mass and Moles | 相对式量与摩尔

In chemistry, we compare the masses of atoms and molecules using relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) and relative formula mass (Mᵣ). The mole connects masses to numbers of particles.

在化学中,我们使用相对原子质量(Aᵣ)和相对式量(Mᵣ)来比较原子与分子的质量。摩尔将质量与粒子数联系起来。

Mᵣ = sum of Aᵣ for all atoms in the formula

as Mᵣ = (2 × 1) + 16 = 18. One mole of water molecules has a mass equal to its Mᵣ in grams – so 1 mole of H₂O is 18 g.

这为什么重要:例如 H₂O 的 Mᵣ = (2×1) + 16 = 18。一摩尔水分子的质量就等于其式量的克数——因此 1 mol H₂O 的质量是 18 g。

moles = mass (g) ÷ Mᵣ

between mass and amount of substance. If you have 9 g of water, moles = 9 ÷ 18 = 0.5 mol.

这个方程可以让你在质量和物质的量之间换算。如果有 9 g 水,摩尔数 = 9 ÷ 18 = 0.5 mol。


11. Conservation of Mass and Equation Balancing | 质量守恒与配平

Atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, so the total mass stays the same. Balanced symbol equations show this law in action – the number of each type of atom must be equal on both sides.

化学反应中原子不会凭空产生或消失,因此总质量保持不变。配平的符号方程式体现了这一定律——两侧各类原子的数目必须相等。

H₂O. On the left: 4 H atoms and 2 O atoms; on the right: 4 H atoms and 2 O atoms. The state symbols (s), (l), (g), (aq) can be added to show solid, liquid, gas or aqueous.

例如氢气与氧气反应生成水:2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O。左侧:4 个 H 原子、2 个 O 原子;右侧:4 个 H 原子、2 个 O 原子。可以加上状态符号 (s)、(l)、(g)、(aq) 表示固态、液态、气态或水溶液。


12. Rate of Reaction | 反应速率

The rate of a reaction tells us how quickly a reactant is used up or a product is formed. It can be measured in terms of mass loss, volume of gas produced or colour change over time.

反应速率告诉我们反应物被消耗或生成物形成的快慢。可以通过测量质量减少、气体体积变化或颜色变化与时间的关系来确定。

mean rate = quantity of product formed ÷ time taken

uced in 20 s, the mean rate is 60 ÷ 20 = 3 cm³/s. The rate often changes during a reaction – it is fastest at the start.

或:速率 = 质量变化 ÷ 时间。若 20 秒内产生 60 cm³ 气体,平均速率 = 60 ÷ 20 = 3 cm³/s。反应过程中速率通常会变化——开始时最快。

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