📚 Year 9 WJEC Sociology: Quick-Reference Glossary of Key Terms | 九年级WJEC社会学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the specific vocabulary of sociology is the foundation for success in Year 9 WJEC exams. This glossary breaks down essential terms into manageable, thematic sections, providing clear English and Chinese definitions to accelerate your revision.
掌握社会学的专业词汇，是九年级WJEC考试成功的基础。这份词汇表将关键术语分解为易于记忆的主题模块，提供清晰的英文和中文定义，帮助你高效复习。
1. Core Sociological Concepts | 核心社会学概念
Start by understanding the building blocks of the discipline. These terms form the lens through which sociologists view the world.
首先理解这门学科的核心基石。以下术语构成了社会学家观察世界的独特视角。
| Sociology: The systematic and critical study of society, social institutions, and human social behaviour. | 社会学：对社会、社会制度和人类社会行为进行的系统性、批判性研究。 |
| Society: A large group of people who share the same geographical territory, political authority, and dominant cultural expectations. | 社会：居住在同一地理区域、受同一政治权威和主流文化期待约束的一大群人。 |
| Social Structure: The organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that together compose society. | 社会结构：构成社会的社会关系与制度的有组织模式。 |
| Social Action: The behaviour of individuals and groups that is influenced by the presence and actions of others. | 社会行动：受他人存在与行为影响的个体和群体行为。 |
| Social Problem: A condition or pattern of behaviour that a significant section of society views as harmful and in need of remedy. | 社会问题：社会中大部分成员认为有害且需要纠正的状况或行为模式。 |
| Norms: The unwritten rules of behaviour shared by members of a society, guiding what is considered acceptable. | 规范：社会成员共享的不成文行为准则，决定了何为可接受的行为。 |
| Values: The deeply held beliefs and principles that a society considers important, desirable, and morally right. | 价值观：社会认为重要、值得追求且道德正确的深层信念与原则。 |
2. Understanding Social Institutions | 理解社会制度
Societies rely on stable arrangements to meet basic needs. These established frameworks are called social institutions.
社会依赖稳固的安排来满足基本需求。这些既定的框架被称为社会制度。
| Social Institution: A relatively stable cluster of statuses, roles, and norms that fulfils a fundamental societal function. | 社会制度：履行基本社会功能的、相对稳定的身份、角色和规范的集合。 |
| Family: A social institution based on kinship, marriage, or adoption, responsible for primary socialisation and emotional support. | 家庭：基于血缘、婚姻或收养的社会制度，负责初级社会化与情感支持。 |
| Education: The formal process of transmitting knowledge, skills, and cultural norms from one generation to the next. | 教育：将知识、技能和文化规范正式传递给下一代的制度化过程。 |
| Media: Mass communication channels, including television, radio, and the internet, that distribute information to wide audiences. | 媒体：向广大受众传播信息的大众传播渠道，包括电视、广播和互联网。 |
| Religion: An organised system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals through which people interpret the supernatural and sacred. | 宗教：一套有组织的信仰、象征和仪式体系，人们借此诠释超自然与神圣领域。 |
| Peer Group: A social group whose members share similar age, status, and interests, playing a key role in secondary socialisation. | 同辈群体：成员年龄、地位和兴趣相似的社会群体，在次级社会化中起关键作用。 |
| Workplace: The physical or virtual location where employment tasks are carried out, governed by formal rules and hierarchy. | 职场：开展雇佣任务的物理或虚拟场所，受正式规则和层级制度管理。 |
3. Key Terms on Families | 家庭术语
Families come in diverse forms. Knowing the terminology allows you to describe changes in household structures accurately.
家庭形式多种多样。掌握这些术语，能让你准确描述家庭结构的变迁。
| Nuclear Family: A two-generation family unit consisting of a married couple and their biological or adopted children living independently. | 核心家庭：由已婚夫妇及其亲生或收养子女独立居住的两代家庭单元。 |
| Extended Family: A family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear unit, such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles, often co-residing. | 扩展家庭：涵盖核心单元以外亲属（如祖父母、叔伯姑姨）且常共同居住的家庭结构。 |
| Lone-Parent Family: A household where a single parent, either by choice or circumstance, raises one or more children alone. | 单亲家庭：由于选择或境遇，由单亲独自抚养一个或多个子女的家庭。 |
| Reconstituted Family: A blended family formed when partners remarry or cohabit, bringing children from previous relationships into a new household. | 重组家庭：伴侣再婚或同居，将前段关系中的子女带入新家庭的融合形态。 |
| Cohabitation: The arrangement where an unmarried couple lives together in a long-term intimate relationship resembling a marriage. | 同居：未婚伴侣长期共同生活在类似婚姻的亲密关系中的安排。 |
| Divorce Rate: A statistical measure indicating the number of legal marriage dissolutions per 1,000 population in a given year. | 离婚率：衡量特定年份每千人中合法婚姻解体数量的统计指标。 |
| Family Diversity: The wide spectrum of family forms existing in contemporary society, challenging the notion of a single 'normal' family type. | 家庭多样性：当代社会中广泛存在的家庭形态谱系，挑战了单一“正常”家庭类型的观念。 |
4. The Language of Education | 教育语言
School is not just about lessons; it is a social experience. These terms reveal the hidden mechanisms shaping student outcomes.
学校不仅关乎课程，更是一种社会体验。这些术语揭示了塑造学生成就的隐藏机制。
| Formal Curriculum: The official, planned programme of subjects and content taught within a school, explicitly assessed through exams. | 正式课程：学校教授并明确通过考试评估的官方、规划的科目与内容体系。 |
| Hidden Curriculum: The unspoken, informal lessons about norms, values, and obedience transmitted through the school's routines and expectations. | 隐性课程：通过学校日常与期待所传递的、关于规范、价值观和服从的非正式、不言明的课程。 |
| Streaming: The practice of dividing students into fixed, hierarchical ability groups across all subjects, often limiting future opportunities. | 分流：将学生按能力划分为固定、分层的小组并贯穿所有学科的做法，常限制未来机会。 |
| Labelling: The process of attaching a definition or category to a student, which can significantly alter their self-perception and performance. | 贴标签：将某种定义或类别附加于学生身上，可能显著改变其自我认知与表现的过程。 |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: A cycle where a label or prediction becomes true because the labelled individual internalises it and acts accordingly. | 自我实现预言：标签或预言因被标记者内化并据此行动从而变为现实的循环因果。 |
| Anti-School Subculture: A group of students who reject the school's academic values, often developing an oppositional status system among peers. | 反学校亚文化：一群拒绝学校学术价值观的学生，常在同伴中形成对立地位体系。 |
| Meritocracy: A system in which social status and educational rewards are supposedly allocated based purely on individual merit, effort, and ability. | 精英主义：社会地位与教育回报据称纯粹基于个人功绩、努力和才能来分配的制度。 |
5. Socialisation and Identity | 社会化与身份认同
From birth, we learn how to become functioning members of society. This section covers the lifelong process of shaping the self.
从出生起，我们就在学习如何成为社会中正常运作的一员。本节涵盖塑造自我这一持续终生的过程。
| Primary Socialisation: The first stage of learning that occurs in early childhood, primarily within the family, where basic norms and language are acquired. | 初级社会化：学习的第一阶段，发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭内部，习得基本规范和语言。 |
| Secondary Socialisation: The later, ongoing process through which schools, peers, and the media teach us the norms of wider society. | 次级社会化：随后通过学校、同辈和媒体教授我们更广泛社会规范的持续过程。 |
| Imitation: The direct copying of observed behaviour, a fundamental mechanism through which young children learn social rules. | 模仿：对观察到的行为进行直接复制，是幼儿学习社会规则的基本机制。 |
| Role Models: Individuals whose behaviour, success, or personal qualities are emulated by others, particularly during adolescence. | 榜样：其行为、成功或个人品质被他人（尤其在青春期）效仿的个体。 |
| Conformity: The act of adjusting one's behaviour or thinking to align with the perceived group standard, often due to social pressure. | 从众：因社会压力而调整自身行为或思维以契合所感知群体标准的行为。 |
| Identity: The distinctive sense of self shaped through social interactions, cultural background, and personal experiences. | 身份：通过社会互动、文化背景和个人经历塑造的独特自我认知。 |
| Role: The expected pattern of behaviour associated with a particular status or position in society, such as 'student' or 'parent'. | 角色：与特定社会地位或位置（如“学生”或“父母”）相关联的预期行为模式。 |
6. Culture and Norms | 文化与规范
Culture is the software of society. Grasp these terms to understand how shared meanings unite and divide groups of people.
文化是社会的软件。掌握以下术语，才能理解共享的意义如何凝聚人群、划分群体。
| Culture: The total way of life of a society, encompassing its values, practices, beliefs, artefacts, and symbolic systems. | 文化：一个社会整体的生活方式，涵盖其价值观、实践、信仰、器物和象征体系。 |
| Subculture: A smaller cultural group within a mainstream culture, possessing distinctive norms, values, and styles that set it apart. | 亚文化：主流文化内部更小的文化群体，拥有将其区隔开来的独特规范、价值观和风格。 |
| High Culture: Cultural products and activities, like classical music and opera, traditionally viewed as sophisticated and associated with social elites. | 高文化：传统上被视为高雅并与社会精英关联的文化产品与活动，如古典音乐和歌剧。 |
| Popular Culture: Widely accessible, mass-marketed cultural products and entertainments consumed by the majority, often contrasted with high culture. | 流行文化：被大众消费的、广泛可得且市场化运作的文化产品与娱乐，常与高文化相对。 |
| Cultural Diversity: The coexistence of a variety of different cultural traditions, languages, and customs within a single society. | 文化多样性：多种不同的文化传统、语言和习俗在单一社会内部共存的现象。 |
| Multiculturalism: A policy or ideology celebrating cultural diversity, aiming for the equal status and participation of all cultural groups in society. | 多元文化主义：颂扬文化多样性、旨在实现所有文化群体在社会中地位平等和共同参与的政策或意识形态。 |
7. Introduction to Social Stratification | 社会分层入门
Society is not flat; it is layered. Stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals based on access to resources.
社会并非扁平；它存在层级。分层指的是个体基于资源获取机会差异而形成的等级化排列。
| Social Stratification: The structured, systematic inequality between different groups of people, ranking them in layers based on wealth, power, and prestige. | 社会分层：不同群体之间结构化的、系统性的不平等，依据财富、权力和声望将人们排入层级。 |
| Social Class: A large-scale grouping of people who share a similar economic position, typically defined by occupation, income, and ownership of property. | 社会阶级：共享相似经济地位的大规模人群，通常由职业、收入和财产所有权来界定。 |
| Middle Class: A class occupying an intermediate position, generally comprising professionals, managers, and those with non-manual occupations. | 中产阶级：占据中间位置、大体由专业人士、管理人员及非体力劳动者组成的阶级。 |
| Working Class: A class historically associated with manual, industrial labour, often facing lower pay,
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