📚 WJEC Year 9 Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | WJEC九年级心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential terminology booster for WJEC Year 9 Psychology. This guide breaks down high-frequency terms into bite-sized, bilingual explanations, making revision faster and more effective.
欢迎使用WJEC九年级心理学术语速记指南。本指南将高频术语分解为简短的双语解释，让复习更快更高效。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is a broad field, but understanding its foundational terms sets you up for the entire course.
心理学领域广阔，但理解这些基础术语将为你整个课程的学习奠定基础。
Psychology: The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour.
心理学：对人类心理及其功能（尤其是影响行为的那些功能）的科学研究。
Behaviour: Any observable action made by a living person or animal.
行为：活体人类或动物做出的任何可观察的动作。
Mental processes: Internal, subjective experiences such as thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.
心理过程：内部主观体验，如思维、情绪和知觉。
Introspection: A method of self-observation in which people report their conscious thoughts and feelings. Wilhelm Wundt used this technique in the first psychology laboratory.
内省：一种自我观察法，人们报告自己的意识思维和感受。威廉·冯特在第一个心理学实验室中使用了这项技术。
Science: A systematic approach to acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation. Psychology uses empirical evidence.
科学：通过观察和实验获取知识的系统方法。心理学使用实证证据。
Quick memory aid: Think 'B-M-P-I-S': Behaviour, Mind, Processes, Introspection, Science.
速记口诀：记住“B-M-P-I-S”：行为、心理、过程、内省、科学。
2. Research Methods Basics | 研究方法基础
In order to test ideas, psychologists design investigations. These terms appear in almost every exam paper.
为了验证想法，心理学家设计研究。以下术语几乎出现在每张试卷上。
Hypothesis: A precise, testable statement predicting the relationship between variables. It is not a question.
假设：一个精确、可检验的陈述，预测变量之间的关系。它不是问题。
Independent variable (IV): The factor that the researcher manipulates or changes.
自变量（IV）：研究者操纵或改变的因素。
Dependent variable (DV): The factor that is measured; it is affected by the IV.
因变量（DV）：被测量的因素；它受自变量的影响。
Extraneous variable: Any other variable that might affect the DV and should be controlled.
额外变量：可能影响因变量的任何其他变量，应当加以控制。
Control condition: A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, providing a baseline for comparison.
控制条件：实验中不接受处理的组，为比较提供基线。
Experiment: A research method in which an IV is manipulated to observe the effect on a DV, while keeping other variables constant.
实验：一种研究方法，操纵自变量以观察其对因变量的影响，同时保持其他变量恒定。
Correlation: A measure of the relationship between two co-variables; it does not imply causation.
相关：衡量两个共变量之间关系的指标；它不意味着因果关系。
Observation: A non-experimental method in which participants' behaviour is watched and recorded, either in a natural or controlled setting.
观察法：一种非实验方法，在自然或受控环境中观察并记录参与者的行为。
Case study: An in-depth study of a single individual, group or event, often using interviews, observations and tests.
个案研究：对单一对象、群体或事件进行的深度研究，常结合访谈、观察和测验。
Mnemonics: IV = 'I Vary' (I change); DV = 'Depend on Vary' (depends on IV).
记忆术：自变量 = 我改变；因变量 = 依赖于自变量。
3. Memory: Key Concepts | 记忆：核心概念
Memory is not a single store – it is an active system that processes information. These terms are central to the cognitive approach.
记忆不是单一的存储库——它是一个主动处理信息的系统。这些术语是认知取向的核心。
Encoding: The process of transforming sensory information into a form that can be stored. Think of it like typing on a keyboard.
编码：将感觉信息转换成可存储形式的过程。就像用键盘打字。
Storage: The retention of encoded information over time. Like saving a file.
存储：将编码信息长时间保留。就像保存文件。
Retrieval: The process of getting information out of memory storage. Like opening a saved file.
提取：从记忆存储中取出信息的过程。就像打开已保存的文件。
Short-term memory (STM) ith limited capacity (around 7±2 items) and duration (up to 30 seconds without rehearsal).
短时记忆（STM）：容量有限（约7±2个项目）且持续时间短（无复述时约30秒）的暂时存储。
Long-term memory (LTM): A permanent store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration. It can hold vast amounts of information for a lifetime.
长时记忆（LTM）：容量和持续时间潜在地无限的永久存储库，可以保存大量信息终生不忘。
Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin): A structural model that describes how information flows through sensory memory, STM and LTM via attention and rehearsal.
多存储模型（阿特金森和谢夫林）：描述信息如何通过感觉记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆，经由注意和复述流动的结构模型。
Chunking: Combining small bits of information into larger, meaningful units to increase STM capacity. For example, remembering 'FBI' instead of F, B, I.
组块：将小块信息组合成更大的、有意义的单位，以增加短时记忆容量。例如，记住“FBI”而不是F、B、I。
Rehearsal: Conscious repetition of information to keep it in STM or transfer it to LTM.
复述：有意识地重复信息，以将其保持在短时记忆中或转入长时记忆。
Memory hack: Use the 3 Rs: Record (encode), Retain (store), Recall (retrieve).
记忆诀窍：使用3R：记录（编码）、保留（存储）、回忆（提取）。
4. Attachment | 依恋
Attachment is a deep emotional bond that develops between an infant and caregiver. Understanding the types and stages is key.
依恋是婴儿与照料者之间形成的深刻情感纽带。理解其类型和阶段至关重要。
Attachment: A strong, reciprocal emotional tie between two people, typically the infant and primary caregiver.
依恋：两人之间（通常是婴儿与主要照料者）的强烈、互惠的情感纽带。
Proximity seeking: The infant's attempt to remain physically close to the attachment figure, especially when frightened.
寻求亲近：婴儿试图与依恋对象保持身体上的接近，尤其是在害怕时。
Separation anxiety: Distress shown by an infant when separated from the primary attachment figure.
分离焦虑：婴儿与主要依恋对象分离时表现出的痛苦。
Secure base: The caregiver provides a foundation of safety from which the infant can explore the environment.
安全基地：照料者提供一个安全的基础，使婴儿可以由此探索环境。
Stranger anxiety: Wariness and distress displayed by infants towards unfamiliar people, typically at around 8 months.
陌生人焦虑：婴儿对不熟悉的人表现出的警惕和痛苦，通常在大约8个月时出现。
Ainsworth's Strange Situation: A controlled observation procedure used to assess the quality of attachment between an infant and caregiver through a series of separations and reunions.
安斯沃斯的陌生情境：一种受控观察程序，通过一系列分离和重聚来评估婴儿与照料者之间的依恋质量。
Secure attachment: The infant uses the caregiver as a secure base, shows moderate distress when separated and is happy upon reunion (Type B).
安全型依恋：婴儿将照料者作为安全基地，分离时表现出中等痛苦，重聚时高兴（B型）。
Insecure-avoidant attachment: The infant shows little distress on separation and avoids contact upon reunion (Type A).
不安全-回避型依恋：婴儿在分离时几乎不痛苦，重聚时回避接触（A型）。
Insecure-resistant attachment: The infant is intensely distressed on separation but resists comfort upon reunion, appearing ambivalent (Type C).
不安全-抗拒型依恋：婴儿在分离时极度痛苦，但在重聚时抗拒安慰，显得矛盾（C型）。
Memory trick: "ABC of Attachment" – Avoidant (A), Secure (B), Clingy/Resistant (C).
记忆窍门：“依恋ABC”——回避型(A)、安全型(B)、抗拒/缠人型(C)。
5. Social Influence: Conformity & Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Social influence explores how our behaviour is shaped by others. Two core concepts are conformity and obedience.
社会影响探讨我们的行为如何被他人塑造。两个核心概念是从众和服从。
Conformity: A change in a person's behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined group pressure. It is also called majority influence.
从众：由于真实或想象的群体压力而导致个人行为或观点的改变。也称为多数人影响。
Normative social influence: Conforming to be liked and accepted by a group – driven by the need to fit in.
规范性社会影响：为了被群体喜欢和接受而从众——由想要融入的动机驱动。
Informational social influence: Conforming because we believe others have more accurate knowledge, especially in ambiguous situations.
信息性社会影响：因为认为他人持有更准确的知识而从众，尤其是在模糊情境中。
Obedience: A form of social influence in which an individual follows direct commands from an authority figure.
服从：一种社会影响形式，个体遵循来自权威人物的直接命令。
Milgram's study (1963): An experiment in which participants were ordered to administer electric shocks to a 'learner'. It revealed high levels of obedience to authority, even when causing apparent distress.
米尔格拉姆研究（1963）：一个实验，参与者被命令对“学习者”施加电击。它揭示了即使造成明显痛苦，人们对权威的服从程度依然很高。
Minority influence: When a small group influences the majority to adopt their beliefs, often through consistency and commitment.
少数人影响：当小群体通过保持一致性和承诺来影响多数人接受其信念。
Quick link: Conformity = 'Fit in', Obedience = 'Follow orders'.
快速联系：从众 = “融入”，服从 = “听从指令”。
6. Cognitive Development (Piaget) | 认知发展（皮亚杰）
Jean Piaget suggested that children's thinking develops through a series of key stages and mechanisms.
让·皮亚杰提出，儿童的思维通过一系列关键阶段和机制发展。
Schema: A mental framework or 'building block' of knowledge that helps us organise and interpret information.
图式：帮助我们组织和解释信息的心理框架或知识的“积木”。
Assimilation: Fitting new experiences into existing schemas without changing them. Example: A child calls a zebra a 'horse'.
同化：不改变现有图式的情况下，将新经验纳入其中。例如：孩子把斑马叫做“马”。
Accommodation: Changing an existing schema to incorporate new experiences that do not fit. The child creates a new schema for 'zebra'.
顺应：改变现有图式以纳入不适应新经验。孩子为“斑马”创建新图式。
Equilibration: The balance between assimilation and accommodation that drives cognitive development. A state of 'mental balance'.
平衡：推动认知发展的同化与顺应之间的平衡。一种“心智平衡”状态。
Object permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. This develops during the sensorimotor stage.
客体永久性：理解即使看不到物体，它们依然继续存在。这在感知运动阶段发展起来。
Conservation: The realisation that quantity remains the same even when appearance changes (e.g. liquid in different glasses). Mastered in the concrete operational stage.
守恒：意识到即使外观改变，量仍然保持不变（例如，不同杯子中的液体）。在具体运算阶段掌握。
Egocentrism: The inability to see a situation from another person's point of view. Typical of the preoperational stage.
自我中心：无法从他人角度看待情境。前运算阶段的典型特征。
Stage theory summary: Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs) - object permanence. Preoperational (2-7 yrs) - egocentric, symbolic play. Concrete operational (7-11 yrs) - conservation, logical thought. Formal operational (11+ yrs) - abstract reasoning.
阶段理论总结：感知运动阶段（0-2岁）——客体永久性。前运算阶段（2-7岁）——自我中心，象征性游戏。具体运算阶段（7-11岁）——守恒，逻辑思维。形式运算阶段（11岁以上）——抽象推理。
Mnemonics: 'S A E C' – Schema, Assimilation, Equilibration, Accommodation, Conservation.
记忆法：“S A E C” —— 图式、同化、平衡、顺应、守恒。
7. Biopsychology: Brain & Behaviour | 生物心理学：大脑与行为
Biopsychology explains how biological structures and processes influence our thinking, emotions and actions.
生物心理学解释生物结构和过程如何影响我们的思维、情绪和行为。
Neuron: A specialised nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the body and brain.
神经元：一种特化的神经细胞，在身体和大脑中传递电信号和化学信号。
Dendrite: Branch-like structures of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.
树突：神经元的分枝状结构，接收来自其他神经元的信号。
Axon: A long, cable-like extension that carries impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons or muscles.
轴突：一根长长的电缆状延伸，将神经冲动从细胞体传向其他神经元或肌肉。
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