📚 Case Study Practical Workshop | 案例分析实战演练
In WJEC Year 9 Psychology, case studies are a key research method you need to understand. This practical workshop will guide you through what a case study is, how to evaluate it, and how to apply your knowledge to exam-style scenarios. By working through real examples and practice exercises, you will build confidence in analysing psychological case studies.
在 WJEC 九年级心理学中，案例研究是你需要掌握的关键研究方法。本次实战演练将引导你了解什么是案例研究、如何评价它，以及如何将知识应用于考试风格的场景。通过分析真实案例和实践练习，你将建立对心理学案例分析的自信心。
1. What is a Case Study? | 什么是案例研究？
A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. In psychology, researchers gather detailed information using methods like interviews, observations, and questionnaires. Unlike experiments that look for general patterns, a case study provides rich, qualitative data about a unique situation.
案例研究是对单一个体、群体或事件的深入调查。在心理学中，研究者通过访谈、观察和问卷等方法收集详细信息。与寻找普遍规律的实验不同，案例研究提供关于特殊情境的丰富质性资料。
For WJEC, you must understand that case studies are often used when studying rare phenomena, such as brain injuries or unusual life experiences. They help psychologists develop theories and suggest hypotheses for further research.
对于 WJEC，你必须明白案例研究常用于研究罕见现象，例如脑损伤或不寻常的生活经历。它们帮助心理学家发展理论，并为进一步研究提出假设。
2. Types of Case Studies in Psychology | 心理学案例研究的类型
Case studies can be descriptive, explanatory, or instrumental. A descriptive case study simply provides a detailed account. An explanatory case study seeks to explain why something happened. An instrumental case study uses the individual case to understand a broader issue. In Year 9, you will mainly encounter descriptive and explanatory case studies.
案例研究可以是描述性的、解释性的或工具性的。描述性案例研究仅提供详细记述。解释性案例研究试图解释某事发生的原因。工具性案例研究利用个案来理解更广泛的问题。在九年级，你将主要遇到描述性和解释性案例研究。
Another distinction is between retrospective and longitudinal case studies. Retrospective studies look back at past events, while longitudinal studies follow the individual over a long period. Both are common in WJEC scenarios.
另一种区分是回顾性案例研究与纵向案例研究。回顾性研究回顾过去的事件，而纵向研究长时间追踪个体。两者在 WJEC 场景中都很常见。
3. Ethical Considerations | 伦理考量
When conducting a case study, psychologists must follow strict ethical guidelines. Informed consent is essential: the participant must agree to the study and know they can withdraw at any time. Confidentiality must be protected, so researchers often use pseudonyms or initials instead of real names.
在进行案例研究时，心理学家必须遵守严格的伦理准则。知情同意至关重要：参与者必须同意参加并知晓他们可随时退出。必须保护机密性，因此研究者常使用化名或首字母代替真名。
Protection from harm is another key principle. A case study should not cause physical or psychological distress. For example, in the Little Albert study, a baby was conditioned to fear a white rat, which would now be considered unethical because of the potential long-term harm.
避免伤害是另一关键原则。案例研究不应造成身体或心理痛苦。例如，在小阿尔伯特研究中，一名婴儿被条件化产生对白鼠的恐惧，这在今天会被视为不道德，因为可能造成长期伤害。
Finally, deception should be avoided unless necessary and properly debriefed. In Year 9 WJEC exams, you might be asked to identify ethical issues in a given case study and suggest improvements.
最后，应避免欺骗，除非必要并妥善进行事后说明。在 WJEC 九年级考试中，你可能需要识别给定案例中的伦理问题并提出改进建议。
4. Evaluating Case Studies: Strengths | 评估案例研究：优势
One major strength of case studies is the depth of detail they provide. Researchers can explore a phenomenon in its real-life context, which increases ecological validity. This richness can lead to new insights that controlled experiments might miss.
案例研究的一个主要优势是它们提供的细节深度。研究者可以在真实生活情境中探索现象，这提高了生态效度。这种丰富性可以产生受控实验可能忽略的新见解。
Case studies are also useful for studying unique or rare cases. For instance, the case of Phineas Gage, who survived a severe brain injury, revealed a great deal about the role of the frontal lobes in personality. Such cases cannot be replicated experimentally for ethical and practical reasons.
案例研究也有利于研究独特或罕见的个案。例如，菲尼亚斯·盖奇的案例，他在严重脑损伤后幸存，揭示了额叶在人格中的作用。由于伦理和实际原因，这类案例无法实验复制。
Furthermore, case studies can generate hypotheses for future research. They often serve as a starting point for larger-scale studies. In WJEC, you should discuss these strengths when comparing research methods.
此外，案例研究可以为未来研究产生假设。它们通常作为大规模研究的起点。在 WJEC 中，你应在比较研究方法时讨论这些优势。
5. Evaluating Case Studies: Limitations | 评估案例研究：局限
Despite their strengths, case studies have several limitations. The most prominent is low generalisability. Because each case study focuses on one individual or a small group, findings may not apply to the wider population. You cannot assume that what is true for Phineas Gage is true for everyone's brain function.
尽管有优势，案例研究也有若干局限。最突出的是低可推广性。由于每个案例研究聚焦于一个个体或小群体，研究结果可能不适用于更广泛的人群。你不能假定对菲尼亚斯·盖奇成立的事实对每个人的脑功能都成立。
Researcher bias is another concern. The researcher may develop a close relationship with the participant, leading to subjective interpretations. Moreover, case studies often rely on retrospective data, which can be unreliable because memory is fallible.
研究者偏见是另一个担忧。研究者可能与参与者建立密切关系，导致主观解释。此外，案例研究常依赖回顾性数据，这些数据可能因记忆易错而不可靠。
Finally, establishing cause and effect is difficult. Without controlling variables, it is hard to determine what exactly caused a behaviour. In WJEC, you should balance strengths and weaknesses in your evaluation questions.
最后，确定因果关系很困难。在无法控制变量的情况下，很难确定到底是什么导致了一种行为。在 WJEC 中，你应在评价问题中平衡优势与劣势。
6. Walkthrough: The Case of Little Albert | 演练：小阿尔伯特案例
One of the most famous case studies is the "Little Albert" experiment conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920. They wanted to demonstrate that a phobia could be learned through classical conditioning. Albert, a 9-month-old baby, was shown a white rat, and initially he showed no fear.
最著名的案例研究之一是约翰·B·华生和罗莎莉·雷纳于 1920 年进行的“小阿尔伯特”实验。他们想证明恐惧症可以通过经典条件作用习得。9 个月大的阿尔伯特被展示一只白鼠，起初他未表现出恐惧。
Then, whenever Albert reached for the rat, the
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