📚 Year 9 AQA Philosophy: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | 九年级AQA哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential quick-memorisation guide for Year 9 AQA Philosophy. Mastering philosophical vocabulary is the first step to constructing clear arguments and analysing complex ideas. This article breaks down must-know terms into bite-sized, bilingual explanations with clever memory hooks. Whether you are tackling epistemology, ethics, or arguments for God’s existence, these mnemonics and clear definitions will help you recall key concepts confidently and ace your class discussions and assessments.
欢迎来到九年级 AQA 哲学核心词汇速记指南。掌握哲学词汇是构建清晰论证、分析复杂思想的第一步。本文把必知术语拆解成短小精悍的双语解释，并配有巧妙的记忆挂钩。无论你正在学习知识论、伦理学还是上帝存在的论证，这些助记法和精确定义都能帮助你自信地回忆关键概念，在课堂讨论和评估中脱颖而出。
1. Key Branches of Philosophy | 哲学的主要分支
Metaphysics – The branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, including concepts like being, time, freedom and the existence of God. Memory trick: ’Meta’ means beyond; think of ’beyond physics’ – questions that reach past what we can measure.
形而上学 – 研究现实基本性质的哲学分支，涵盖存在、时间、自由和上帝是否存在等概念。记忆技巧：’Meta’ 意为“超越”，联想“超越物理学” — 追问那些超出可测量范围的问题。
Epistemology – The theory of knowledge: it asks what knowledge is, how we obtain it, and how we can be certain of what we claim to know. The word comes from Greek ’episteme’ (knowledge) and ’logos’ (study). Think ’epic stem of logic’ to remember the study of how we know.
知识论 – 关于认识的哲学分支：追问什么是知识、我们如何获得知识，以及如何确定我们声称知道的事物。这个词来源于希腊语 ’episteme’（知识）和 ’logos’（研究）。用“知识逻辑之干”来记忆我们如何认识的研究。
Ethics – The branch of philosophy that examines moral values, right and wrong, and how we ought to live. It is often divided into meta-ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. Memory hook: ’ethos’ means character – ethics is about developing good character.
伦理学 – 探讨道德价值、对与错以及我们应当如何生活的哲学分支。通常分为元伦理学、规范伦理学和应用伦理学。记忆挂钩：’ethos’ 指品格—伦理学关乎培养良好品格。
Logic – The study of correct reasoning. It provides the rules to distinguish good arguments from bad ones. Syllogisms and formal fallacies are part of logic. Remember: Logic gives you the ’logos’ – the rational structure – to build unshakable arguments.
逻辑学 – 研究正确推理的学科。它提供区分好坏论证的规则。三段论和形式谬误都是逻辑的一部分。请记住：逻辑赋予你“逻各斯”—理性的结构—去构建无可辩驳的论证。
2. The Structure of Arguments | 论证结构
Premise – A statement that provides a reason or evidence to support a conclusion. Every argument contains at least one premise. Imagine a house: premises are the foundations holding up the roof (the conclusion). Memory phrase: ’Premises provide the support.’
前提 – 为结论提供理由或证据的陈述。每个论证至少包含一个前提。想象一座房子：前提是支撑屋顶（结论）的地基。记忆口诀：“前提提供支撑。”
Conclusion – The statement that the premises are intended to prove or justify. It is the claim being made. In a well-structured argument, the conclusion follows logically from the premises. Think: the conclusion is your destination – premises are the steps to get there.
结论 – 前提旨在证明或证成的陈述，即论证所主张的观点。在结构良好的论证中，结论能够从前提中逻辑地推出。想想看：结论是你的目的地—前提则是抵达那里的阶梯。
3. Types of Reasoning | 推理类型
Deductive argument – An argument where the conclusion must be true if the premises are true; the truth of the premises guarantees the conclusion. For example: All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Memory trick: ’Deductive’ starts like ’definite’ – the conclusion is definitely true if the premises hold.
演绎论证 – 如果前提为真，结论必然为真的论证；前提的真实性确保了结论。例如：所有人都会死。苏格拉底是人。所以苏格拉底会死。记忆技巧：’Deductive’ 音似 ’definite’（确定的）—若前提成立，结论就是确定的。
Inductive argument – An argument where the premises make the conclusion likely or probable, but do not guarantee it. Most scientific reasoning is inductive. For example: The sun has risen every day in recorded history; therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow. Memory hook: ’Inductive’ hints at ’increase probability’ – it only boosts the likelihood.
归纳论证 – 前提使结论很可能为真、但不能保证结论的论证。大部分科学推理都是归纳的。例如：有史料以来太阳每天都升起；所以太阳明天也会升起。记忆挂钩：’Inductive’ 暗示 ’increase probability’（增加概率）—它只提高可能性。
4. Evaluating Arguments | 论证评估
Valid (deductive) – A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true. A valid argument can have false premises. Think of a valid ’shape’: if the shape is right, the logic flows even if the content is mistaken.
有效（演绎） – 如果结论能够从前提逻辑地推出，则演绎论证是有效的，不论前提本身是否为真。有效论证可以拥有假前提。想象一个有效的“形状”：形状对了，即使内容有误，逻辑依然通畅。
Sound (deductive) lid + True premises. Memory: a ’sound’ bell rings true – the argument rings true.
可靠（演绎） – 一个演绎论证如果有效且所有前提都为真，那么它就是可靠的。可靠的论证保证了结论的真实性。可靠 = 有效 + 真前提。记忆：一口“可靠的”钟声敲出真相—论证听上去真实无疑。
Cogent (inductive) – An inductive argument is cogent if it is strong (the premises make the conclusion highly probable) and all its premises are true. Cogent is the inductive equivalent of sound. Remember: ’cogent’ sounds like ’co-gentle’ but it really packs persuasive force.
有力（归纳） – 一个归纳论证如果强度高（前提使结论极有可能）且所有前提为真，那么它就是有力的。’Cogent’ 相当于归纳论证中的“可靠”。请记住：’cogent’ 听着像 ’co-gentle’，却蕴藏着强大的说服力。
5. Sources of Knowledge | 知识来源
A priori knowledge emory device: ’priori’ rhymes with ’prior’ – you can know it prior to looking at the world.
先验知识 – 不依赖于感官经验、仅凭理性就能获知的知识。数学真理（2 + 2 = 4）常被引为先验知识。记忆装置：’priori’ 与 ’prior’ 谐音—在观察世界之前就能知道。
A posteriori knowledge – Knowledge that depends on sense experience or empirical evidence. Scientific facts, such as ’water boils at 100°C’, are a posteriori. Hook: ’post’ means after – you need experience after encountering the world.
后验知识 – 依赖于感官经验或实证证据的知识。科学事实，如“水在100°C沸腾”，是后验的。挂钩：’post’ 指之后—你需要与世界接触之后获得的经验。
6. Rationalism vs Empiricism | 理性主义与经验主义
Rationalism – The view that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and that some concepts are innate. Key rationalists include Descartes and Plato. Memory: ’ratio’ in rationalism points to the power of pure thought, like solving a puzzle in your head.
理性主义 – 认为理性是知识的主要来源，且某些概念是天生的观点。代表人物有笛卡尔和柏拉图。记忆：理性主义中的 ’ratio’ 指向纯粹思维的力量，就像在大脑中解谜。
Empiricism – The view that all knowledge originates in sense experience; the mind is a ’blank slate’ (tabula rasa) at birth. Locke and Hume are famous empiricists. Think ’empirical’ – evidence you see, touch, or measure.
经验主义 – 认为所有知识都来源于感官经验；心灵在出生时是一块“白板”（tabula rasa）。洛克和休谟是著名的经验主义者。联想到 ’empirical’（经验的）—你看得见、摸得着、测量得到的证据。
7. The Existence of God: Key Arguments | 上帝存在的关键论证
Ontological Argument – An a priori argument that attempts to prove God’s existence from the very concept of a perfect being. Anselm defined God as ’that than which nothing greater can be conceived’. Memory: ’ontology’ is the study of being – the argument starts from the definition of God’s being.
本体论论证 – 一种先验论证，试图从“完美存在者”的概念本身证明上帝存在。安瑟尔谟将上帝定义为“可设想的最伟大存在者”。记忆：’ontology’ 研究“存在”—该论证正是从上帝的存在定义出发。
Cosmological Argument – An a posteriori argument that infers God as the first cause or necessary being from the existence of the universe. Aquinas’ Five Ways are classic versions. ’Cosmos’ means universe – the argument moves from the cosmos to its cause.
宇宙论论证 – 一种后验论证，从宇宙的存在推出上帝是第一因或必然存在者。阿奎那的“五路证明”是经典版本。’Cosmos’ 意为宇宙—该论证从宇宙回溯其原因。
Teleological Argument (Design Argument) – An a posteriori argument that claims the order and purpose in the world point to an intelligent designer. Paley’s watchmaker analogy is the most famous. ’Telos’ means purpose – you see purpose in nature, so there must be a designer.
目的论论证（设计论证） – 一种后验论证，声称世界的秩序和目的指向一位智慧设计者。佩利的钟表匠类比最为著名。’Telos’ 指目的—你在自然界看到了目的，因此必定存在一位设计者。
8. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
Logical Problem of Evil – The challenge that the existence of an all-loving, all-powerful God is logically incompatible with the existence of evil. The inconsistent triad: God is omnipotent, God is omnibenevolent, yet evil exists. At least one must be false. Memory: picture a triangle that cannot be drawn – the three vertices contradict.
逻辑恶的问题 – 这一挑战声称：一个全爱、全能的上帝的存在与恶的存在在逻辑上不相容。不一致的三元组：上帝全能、上帝全善、恶却存在。三者至少有一为假。记忆：想象一个无法画出的三角形—三个顶点彼此矛盾。
Evidential Problem of Evil – The argument that the sheer amount and severity of pointless suffering makes God’s existence highly improbable. Even if evil is logically possible, the evidence counts strongly against a loving God. Hook: ’evidential’ means you look at the evidence of suffering – and it seems overwhelming.
证据恶的问题 – 论证指出，无谓苦难的数量与严重程度使得上帝的存在极不可能。即使恶在逻辑上可能，现有证据却强烈否定一位慈爱的上帝。挂钩：’evidential’ 意为你审视苦难的证据—看起来铺天盖地。
9. Free Will and Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
Libertarianism (free will) – The position that humans have genuine free will and are morally responsible for their actions, and that determinism is false. ’Liberty’ means freedom – libertarians place freedom at the heart of human agency.
自由意志论 – 主张人类拥有真正的自由意志、并对自己行为负有道德责任，同时决定论为假的立场。’Liberty’ 是自由—自由意志论者将自由置于人类能动性的核心。
Determinism – The view that every event, including human actions, is causally determined by prior events and natural laws. If you could rewind time, everything would happen exactly the same. Memory: ’determined’ means already fixed, like a movie script that cannot change.
决定论 – 认为所有事件（包括人类行为）都由先前事件和自然规律因果决定的观点。如果你能倒流时光，一切都会完全相同地发生。记忆：’determined’ 意为已定，像一部无法更改的电影剧本。
Compatibilism – The belief that free will and determinism are compatible; we can be free even if our actions are determined, as long as we act according to our own desires without coercion. Think ’compatible’ – the two ideas can coexist peacefully.
相容论 – 相信自由意志与决定论可以相容的观点；即使我们的行为是被决定的，只要我们按照自己的欲望行动且未受强迫，我们仍是自由的。想想 ’compatible’（相容）—两种理念可以和平共处。
10. Ethical Theories | 伦理理论
Utilitarianism – The consequentialist theory that the right action is the one that maximises overall happiness or utility. Bentham’s hedonic calculus and Mill’s higher pleasures are key. Memory: ’utility’ means usefulness – the action is right if it produces the greatest useful happiness.
功利主义 – 一种后果论理论，认为正确的行为就是能最大化总体幸福或功利的行为。边沁的快乐计算和密尔的高级快乐是关键。记忆：’utility’ 指功用—如果行动产生最大有益幸福，便是正确的。
Deontology (Kantian ethics) – The duty-based theory that motives and universal moral rules, not consequences, determine rightness. Kant’s categorical imperative demands that we act only according to maxims we could will as universal laws. Greek ’deon’ means duty – deontology is the ethics of duty.
义务论（康德伦理学） – 基于义务的理论，主张动机和普遍的道德规则决定正确性，而非后果。康德的定言命令要求我们只按照能够愿意其成为普遍法则的准则行动。希腊语 ’deon’ 意为义务—义务论就是关于义务的伦理学。
Virtue Ethics – An approach focused on the character of the moral agent rather than rules or consequences. Aristotle emphasised virtues as the golden mean between extremes. Memory: ’virtue’ suggests a virtuous person – ask ’What would a wise and courageous person do?’
美德伦理学 – 聚焦道德主体品格而非规则或后果的进路。亚里士多德强调美德是两个极端之间的中道。记忆：’virtue’ 指向有德之人—试问“一个有智慧和勇气的人会怎么做？”
11. Mind and Body | 心灵与身体
Dualism – The theory that the mind and body are two distinct substances: the mental (non-physical) and the physical. Descartes’ substance dualism argues that the mind can exist independently of the body. ’Dual’ means two – two radically different stuffs.
二元论 – 认为心灵与身体是两种不同实体的理论：心理的（非物质的）与物理的。笛卡尔的实体二元论主张心灵可以独立于身体存在。’Dual’ 意为二—两种截然不同的东西。
Materialism (Physicalism) – The view that everything, including consciousness, is physical or material; there is no separate mental substance. Modern neuroscience often assumes materialism. Memory: ’matter’ is all there is – the mind is what the brain does.
唯物主义（物理主义） – 认为所有事物（包括意识）都是物理的或物质的；不存在独立的心理实体。现代神经科学常以唯物主义为前提。记忆：’matter’ 即一切—心灵就是大脑之所为。
12. Important Logical Fallacies | 常见逻辑谬误
Ad hominem – Attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself. Latin for ’to the man’. Example: ’You can’t trust his view on climate change – he isn’t even a scientist.’ Remember: you are hitting the man, not the ball.
人身攻击 – 攻击提出论证的人而不是论证本身。拉丁语意为“对人”。示例：“你不能相信他对气候变化的看法—他甚至不是科学家。” 记住：你在击打人，而不是球。
Straw man – Misrepresenting an opponent’s position to make it easier to attack, then knocking down that caricature. Picture a scarecrow: you build a weaker version of the argument and then knock it over.
稻草人谬误 – 歪曲对方的立场使其更容易攻击，然后击倒那个滑稽模仿。想象一个稻草人：你构建一个更弱的论证版本，然后将其推倒。
False dilemma – Presenting only two options when there are in fact more. ’Either you support this policy or you do not care about children.’ Memory: Black-and-white thinking that ignores shades of grey.
错误二分法 – 只呈现两个选项，而实际上存在更多选择。“要么你支持这项政策，要么你不关心孩子。” 记忆：非黑即白的思维，忽略了灰色地带。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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