📚 Year 9 AQA Computer Science: Rapid Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 9 AQA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary of computer science is the first step towards confident problem solving and exam success. This guide organises essential Year 9 AQA terms into bite-sized, bilingual explanations, helping you memorise definitions and link concepts across the curriculum with ease.
掌握计算机科学中精确的词汇，是自信地解决问题并在考试中取得成功的第一步。本指南将 Year 9 AQA 的核心术语整理成易于消化的双语解释，帮助你记住定义，并轻松链接课程中不同概念。
1. Algorithms and Computational Thinking | 算法与计算思维
Algorithm: A step-by-step sequence of instructions designed to solve a problem or perform a task. Algorithms must be precise, unambiguous, and terminate after a finite number of steps.
算法： 为解决某个问题或执行某项任务而设计的一步一步的指令序列。算法必须精确、无歧义，并在有限步骤内终止。
Decomposition: The process of breaking a complex problem down into smaller, more manageable sub-problems. This makes it easier to understand and solve each part independently.
分解： 将复杂问题拆解成更小、更易于管理的子问题的过程。这使得独立理解和解决每个部分变得更加容易。
Abstraction: The skill of focusing on essential details while ignoring irrelevant information. Abstraction helps simplify problems by modelling only the important aspects.
抽象： 关注关键细节而忽略无关信息的技能。抽象通过只对重要方面建模来简化问题。
Pattern Recognition: Identifying similarities or common characteristics among problems to reuse solutions. Recognising patterns saves time and effort in algorithm design.
模式识别： 识别问题之间的相似性或共同特征以复用解决方案。识别模式可以节省算法设计中的时间和精力。
2. Flowchart Symbols | 流程图符号
Oval / Terminator: Represented by a rounded rectangle or oval, this symbol marks the start or end of a process. Every flowchart must begin and finish with this shape.
椭圆 / 终止符： 用圆角矩形或椭圆表示，该符号标记过程的开始或结束。每个流程图都必须以此形状开始和结束。
Rectangle / Process: Indicates a calculation, assignment, or any action that changes data. The instruction inside the rectangle describes what should happen.
矩形 / 处理框： 表示计算、赋值或任何改变数据的操作。矩形内的指令描述了应发生的事情。
Diamond / Decision: Used to ask a question with a yes/no or true/false answer. It has one flow line entering and at least two leaving, each labelled with the condition outcome.
菱形 / 判断框： 用于提出答案为是/否或真/假的问题。它有一条进入的流线和至少两条离开的流线，每条都标有条件结果。
Parallelogram / Input/Output: Shows where data enters the system (e.g., a user typing a number) or is output (e.g., displaying a result).
平行四边形 / 输入/输出框： 显示数据进入系统（例如用户输入数字）或输出（例如显示结果）的位置。
3. Pseudocode and Programming Constructs | 伪代码与编程结构
Pseudocode: A text-based, informal way of describing an algorithm using structural conventions similar to a programming language. It is not executed by a computer but helps developers plan logic.
伪代码： 一种基于文本的非正式算法描述方式，使用类似于编程语言的结构约定。它不由计算机执行，但有助于开发者规划逻辑。
Sequence: The execution of instructions one after another, in the exact order written. Sequence is the simplest programming construct.
顺序： 按照书写的确切顺序，一条接一条地执行指令。顺序是最简单的编程结构。
Selection: A construct that allows a program to choose different paths based on a condition. Common forms include IF...THEN...ELSE and SWITCH statements.
选择： 一种允许程序根据条件选择不同执行路径的结构。常见形式包括 IF...THEN...ELSE 和 SWITCH 语句。
Iteration: Repeating a block of code either a set number of times (count-controlled, e.g., FOR loop) or while a condition remains true (condition-controlled, e.g., WHILE loop).
迭代： 重复执行一段代码，可以是指定次数（计数控制，例如 FOR 循环），或者是当条件为真时重复（条件控制，例如 WHILE 循环）。
4. Data Types and Variables | 数据类型与变量
Variable: A named storage location in memory that holds a value which can change while the program runs. Each variable has a data type that defines what kind of values it can store.
变量： 内存中一个有名称的存储位置，保存在程序运行期间可以更改的值。每个变量都有一个数据类型，定义了它能存储的值的种类。
Integer: A data type representing whole numbers, both positive and negative, without decimal points. In pseudocode, it is often declared as INT.
整型： 表示没有小数点的整数（包括正整数和负整数）的数据类型。在伪代码中，常声明为 INT。
Float / Real: A data type that stores numbers with a decimal point, such as 3.14 or -0.5. Very large or very small numbers may be stored as floating-point approximations.
浮点型 / 实型： 存储带小数点数字的数据类型，例如 3.14 或 -0.5。极大或极小的数字可能存储为浮点近似值。
Boolean: A data type that can hold only one of two possible values: TRUE or FALSE. It is essential for conditions in selection and iteration.
布尔型： 只能取两个可能值之一的数据类型：TRUE 或 FALSE。它对于选择结构和循环迭代中的条件至关重要。
String: A sequence of characters treated as data. Strings are typically enclosed in quotation marks and can include letters, digits, and symbols.
字符串： 被视为数据的一串字符序列。字符串通常用引号括起来，可包含字母、数字和符号。
5. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示
Binary: A base-2 number system using only the digits 0 and 1. All data inside a computer, including text, images, and sound, is stored and processed as binary numbers.
二进制： 一种仅使用数字 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数制。计算机内所有数据，包括文本、图像和声音，都以二进制数存储和处理。
Bit: The smallest unit of data in computing, representing a single binary value of either 0 or 1. Bits are the building blocks for all larger units of storage.
比特（位）： 计算中最小的数据单位，表示单个二进制值 0 或 1。比特是所有更大存储单位的构建块。
Nibble: A group of four bits. A single hexadecimal digit can represent one nibble, making it a convenient bridge between binary and hex.
半字节： 四个比特组成的一组。一个十六进制数字可以表示一个半字节，使其成为二进制和十六进制之间方便的桥梁。
Byte: A unit of data consisting of eight bits. A byte can represent 256 different values, enough to store one ASCII character or a small number.
字节： 由八个比特组成的数据单位。一个字节可表示 256 种不同的值，足以存储一个 ASCII 字符或一个小数字。
Overflow: An error that occurs when the result of a binary addition exceeds the number of bits available to store it. The extra carry bit cannot be stored, leading to an inaccurate result.
溢出： 当二进制加法的结果超出可用于存储的位数时发生的错误。额外的进位无法存储，导致结果不准确。
6. Hardware Components | 硬件组件
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The 'brain' of the computer responsible for executing instructions. It performs the fetch-decode-execute cycle repeatedly and contains the control unit (CU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
中央处理器 (CPU)： 计算机的“大脑”，负责执行指令。它重复执行取指-解码-执行周期，并包含控制单元 (CU) 和算术逻辑单元 (ALU)。
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile, high-speed memory that stores data and programs currently in use. Its contents are lost when power is turned off, which distinguishes it from secondary storage.
随机存取存储器 (RAM)： 易失性高速存储器，存储当前正在使用的数据和程序。断电后其内容会丢失，这使其区别于辅助存储器。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that retains its contents without power. It stores fixed instructions, such as the boot program that starts the computer.
只读存储器 (ROM)： 非易失性存储器，即使断电也能保留内容。它存储固定指令，例如启动计算机的引导程序。
Secondary Storage: Non-volatile, long-term storage for data and files. Examples include magnetic hard disks, solid-state drives (SSD), and optical discs, which are much slower than RAM but offer higher capacity.
辅助存储器： 用于数据和文件的非易失性长期存储。例如磁性硬盘、固态硬盘 (SSD) 和光盘，比 RAM 慢得多但提供更大容量。
7. Software Categories | 软件分类
System Software: Programs that manage and control the computer’s hardware and provide a platform for application software. The operating system, utility programs, and device drivers are examples.
系统软件： 管理并控制计算机硬件，并为应用软件提供平台的程序。操作系统、实用工具和设备驱动程序都是系统软件的例子。
Application Software: Programs designed to help users perform specific tasks, such as word processing, creating spreadsheets, or browsing the web. It runs on top of the operating system.
应用软件： 旨在帮助用户执行特定任务的程序，例如文字处理、创建电子表格或浏览网页。它在操作系统之上运行。
Operating System (OS): The core system software that manages memory, files, input/output devices, and provides a user interface. Common examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
操作系统 (OS)： 核心的系统软件，管理内存、文件、输入/输出设备，并提供用户界面。常见的例子包括 Windows、macOS 和 Linux。
Utility Software: System software designed to maintain, optimise, or protect a computer. Examples include antivirus scanners, disk defragmenters, and backup tools.
实用工具软件： 旨在维护、优化或保护计算机的系统软件。例子包括防病毒扫描程序、磁盘碎片整理程序和备份工具。
8. Networking Basics | 网络基础
Network: Two or more computers connected together to share resources such as files, printers, and internet connections. Networks can be wired or wireless.
网络： 两台或更多计算机连接在一起，以共享文件、打印机和互联网连接等资源。网络可以是有线或无线。
LAN (Local Area Network): A network that covers a small geographical area, usually one building or site. LANs offer high-speed communication and require network hardware like switches.
局域网 (LAN)： 覆盖较小地理区域（通常是一栋建筑或一个地点）的网络。局域网提供高速通信，并需要交换机等网络硬件。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographical area, such as a country or continent. The internet is the largest example of a WAN.
广域网 (WAN)： 跨越较大地理区域（例如一个国家或大陆）的网络。互联网是广域网最大的例子。
Protocol: A set of agreed rules that govern how data is transmitted across a network. HTTP, TCP/IP, and FTP are all examples of network protocols.
协议： 一套商定的规则，管理数据如何在网络上传输。HTTP、TCP/IP 和 FTP 都是网络协议的例子。
IP Address: A unique numerical address assigned to every device on a network. It allows data packets to be routed correctly from source to destination, much like a postal address.
IP 地址： 分配给网络上每台设备的唯一数字地址。它允许数据包从源头正确路由到目的地，就像邮政地址一样。
9. Cybersecurity | 网络安全
Malware: Malicious software designed to harm, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Common types include viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware.
恶意软件： 旨在损害、破坏或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。常见类型包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马和勒索软件。
Phishing: A social engineering attack where attackers send deceptive emails or messages that appear to come from a trusted source. The aim is to trick recipients into revealing sensitive information.
网络钓鱼： 一种社会工程攻击，攻击者发送看似来自可信来源的欺骗性电子邮件或消息，目的是诱骗收件人泄露敏感信息。
Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks.
防火墙： 一个网络安全系统，根据预定的安全规则监视和控制传入和传出的流量。它充当受信任内部网络与不可信外部网络之间的屏障。
Encryption: The process of converting plaintext data into a scrambled ciphertext that can only be read if the correct decryption key is applied. It protects data confidentiality during storage and transmission.
加密： 将明文数据转换为乱码密文的过程，只有应用正确的解密密钥才能读取。它保护数据在存储和传输期间的机密性。
10. Database Terms | 数据库术语
Database: A structured collection of data held electronically. Databases allow data to be easily stored, queried, updated, and retrieved, often using a DBMS (Database Management System).
数据库： 以电子方式保存的结构化数据集合。数据库允许轻松存储、查询、更新和检索数据，通常使用数据库管理系统 (DBMS)。
Table: A set of data organised in rows and columns. Each table holds information about a single entity, such as 'Students' or 'Courses', within a relational database.
表： 按行和列组织的数据集合。在关系型数据库中，每个表保存关于单个实体（例如“学生”或“课程”）的信息。
Field: A single column within a table that holds a specific category of data, such as age or name. Every field has a defined data type that restricts the values it can contain.
字段： 表中的一个单独的列，保存特定类别的数据，例如年龄或姓名。每个字段都有一个定义的数据类型，限制它可以包含的值。
Record: A single row in a table that contains all the related fields about one individual item or instance. For example, all the data about one specific student forms a record.
记录： 表中的一行，包含关于一个单独项目或实例的所有相关字段。例如，所有关于一名特定学生的数据构成一条记录。
Primary Key: A field that uniquely identifies each record in a table. No two records can have the same primary key value, ensuring data integrity within the database.
主键： 唯一标识表中每条记录的字段。没有两条记录可以拥有相同的主键值，从而确保数据库中的数据完整性。
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