📚 Year 9 CIE Philosophy: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | 九年级CIE哲学：词汇术语速记指南
This guide turns the key concepts of Year 9 CIE Philosophy into easy-to-remember nuggets. Each term is presented with a short definition and a memory hook – because philosophy is not just about understanding but also about having the right words at your fingertips in an exam.
本指南将九年级CIE哲学的关键概念变成易于记忆的小片段。每个术语都配有简短定义和记忆挂钩——因为哲学不仅在于理解，还在于在考试中准确调用准确的词汇。
1. Philosophy and Its Branches: A 'MEAL' to Remember | 哲学及其分支：一顿记忆大餐
Philosophy comes from the Greek philosophia, meaning 'love of wisdom'. Its main branches can feel overwhelming, but you can recall them as a 'MEAL' plus Ethics. The core four are Metaphysics (what exists?), Epistemology (how do we know?), Aesthetics (what is beauty?), and Logic (correct reasoning). Ethics (what is right?) is the indispensable 'extra plate'.
哲学源于希腊语 philosophia，意为“热爱智慧”。其主要分支可能让人望而生畏，但你可以把它们记成一顿“MEAL”外加伦理。四个核心领域是形而上学（存在什么？）、认识论（我们如何知道？）、美学（什么是美？）和逻辑（正确推理）。伦理学（什么是对？）则是不可或缺的“加餐盘”。
Memory trick: M.E.A.L. – Metaphysics, Epistemology, Aesthetics, Logic. Say "I enjoy a MEAL of ideas; ethics is the napkin that keeps things clean."
记忆窍门： M.E.A.L.——形而上学、认识论、美学、逻辑。说“我享用思想的MEAL；伦理学是保持整洁的餐巾”。
2. Epistemology: Knowledge as JTB and the Gettier Challenge | 认识论：知识即JTB与葛梯尔挑战
Epistemology asks what knowledge is. The classic definition is Justified True Belief (JTB): you know P if and only if you believe P, P is true, and you have justification for believing P. To lock this in, imagine a three-legged stool – one leg for belief, one for truth, one for justification.
认识论追问知识是什么。经典定义是 确证的真信念（JTB）：你知道P，当且仅当你相信P，P为真，并且你有理由相信P。为了牢记，设想一把三条腿的凳子——一条腿代表信念，一条代表真理，一条代表确证。
Edmund Gettier challenged JTB with cases where someone has a justified true belief but intuitively does not know. Remember Gettier by thinking "Get... here? No, JTB is not enough!"
爱德蒙·葛梯尔用案例挑战了JTB：某人拥有确证的真信念，但直觉上并不“知道”。联想葛梯尔： “Get... tier（得到...层）？不，JTB还不够！”
Memory trick: JTB = "Just The Beginning" – because Gettier shows knowledge demands even more.
记忆窍门： JTB = "Just The Beginning"（仅仅是开始）——因为葛梯尔表明知识要求更多。
3. Rationalism, Empiricism, and Innatism: How We Know | 理性主义、经验主义与天赋论：我们如何知道
Philosophers disagree on the source of knowledge. Rationalism argues that reason is the key; Empiricism insists that all knowledge comes from sensory experience; Innatism claims we are born with certain ideas. Create a story: a 'rat' (rationalist) uses logic in a maze, an 'empire' (empiricist) conquers through observation, and 'innate' sounds like 'in eight' – ideas you have from birth, like being "in" the world at day eight.
哲学家对知识的来源意见不一。理性主义认为理性是关键；经验主义坚持所有知识来自感官经验；天赋论则声称我们天生具有某些观念。编个故事：'rat'（老鼠，理性主义者）在迷宫中运用逻辑，'empire'（帝国，经验主义者）通过观察征服，而'innate'听起来像“in eight”（在八天内）——如同出生第八天就“内置”了观念。
Memory trick: E.R.I. – Empiricism, Rationalism, Innatism. Think of a person named "Eri" who uses Eyes (empiricism), Reason (rationalism), and Inborn ideas (innatism).
记忆窍门： E.R.I. ——经验主义、理性主义、天赋论。想象一个叫“Eri”的人，用眼睛（经验主义）、理性（理性主义）和天生观念（天赋论）。
4. Ethics: The 'UK' Trio – Utilitarianism and Kantian Duty | 伦理学：“英国”三人组——功利主义与康德义务
Utilitarianism: the right action is the one that maximises happiness for the greatest number. The word "util" looks like "utility" – imagine a bus named "Util" carrying the happiest passengers. Deontology (Kantian ethics): duty is supreme; you follow the Categorical Imperative regardless of consequences. Think "Kant can't" break moral laws.
功利主义：正确的行为是为最大多数人带来最大幸福。单词"util"看起来像“utility”（功用）——想象一辆名为“Util”的公交车载着最幸福的乘客。义务论（康德伦理学）：义务至上；无论后果如何，都要遵循定言命令。联想“Kant can't”（康德不能）违反道德法则。
Virtue Ethics, associated with Aristotle, focuses on character traits such as courage and honesty. Remember "Virtue" sounds like "virtual" – you are virtually a good person if you cultivate virtues.
美德伦理学与亚里士多德相关，关注勇敢、诚实等品格特质。记住“Virtue”（美德）像“virtual”（虚拟的）——你若培养美德，便“虚拟地”成为一个好人。
Memory trick: U.K.V. – Utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, Virtue ethics. "The UK values virtue" – a patriotic slogan for your revision.
记忆窍门： U.K.V. ——功利主义、康德义务论、美德伦理学。“英国重视美德”——复习时的爱国口号。
5. Metaphysics: Free Will, Determinism, and the 'DCL' Dance | 形而上学：自由意志、决定论与“DCL”之舞
Determinism states that every event is necessitated by prior causes. Picture a line of dominoes: each fall is determined. Libertarianism (in free will) argues that we have genuinely free choices uncaused by the past. Compatibilism holds that free will and determinism can coexist – freedom means acting according to your desires without external coercion, even if those desires are determined.
决定论主张每一事件都由先前的原因必然决定。想象一排多米诺骨牌：每一次倒下都是被决定的。自由意志论（在自由意志议题中）认为我们有真正不被过去决定的自由选择。相容论则认为自由意志与决定论可以共存——自由意味着按照你的欲望行动而不受外在强迫，即使这些欲望本身是被决定的。
Memory trick: D.C.L. – Determinism, Compatibilism, Libertarianism. Think of "Doctor C.L." who diagnoses whether your actions are free or fated.
记忆窍门： D.C.L. ——决定论、相容论、自由意志论。想象一位“C.L.博士”，他诊断你的行为是自由的还是命定的。
Determined Past → Present Choice? → D (No), C (Yes if uncoerced), L (Yes, uncaused)
被决定的过去 → 当下选择？ → D（否），C（若未被强迫则是），L（是，无前因）
6. Philosophy of Mind: Dualism, Physicalism, and Qualia | 心灵哲学：二元论、物理主义与感受质
Substance Dualism (Descartes) says mind and body are two distinct substances. "Dual" means two – imagine 'due' to meet both mind and body as separate guests. Physicalism argues that everything, including the mind, is physical. Think "physical" = body – no ghost in the machine. Qualia refer to the subjective, felt qualities of experience (the redness of red). "Qualia" sounds like "quality" – the quality of your inner movie.
实体二元论（笛卡尔）说心灵与身体是两种不同的实体。“Dual”意为二——想象“应约”同时见心灵与身体两位分开的客人。物理主义主张一切，包括心灵，都是物理的。联想“物理的”=身体——机器中没有幽灵。感受质指经验的主观质感（红色的红感）。“Qualia”像“quality”（品质）——你内在电影的品质。
Functionalism by explains mental states by their causal roles, like a clock defined by telling time regardless of gears. Remember: "function" = job; a mental state is a job description.
功能主义通过因果角色来解释心理状态，如同钟表由报时功能定义，无论齿轮为何。记住：“function”=工作；心理状态是一份职位描述。
Memory trick: D.P.F.Q. – Dualism, Physicalism, Functionalism, Qualia. Whisper "Deep Fake" – the mind is a deep philosophical question.
记忆窍门： D.P.F.Q. ——二元论、物理主义、功能主义、感受质。轻念“Deep Fake
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