📚 Year 9 AQA Psychology: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | Year 9 AQA 心理学：关键术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick revision guide for Year 9 AQA Psychology. Mastering psychological terminology is crucial for understanding key concepts and scoring high marks. This guide provides clear definitions paired with simple memory tricks to help you retain the most important terms.
欢迎使用 Year 9 AQA 心理学速记指南。掌握心理学术语对于理解关键概念和取得高分至关重要。本指南将清晰的定义与简单的记忆技巧相结合，帮助你牢牢记住最重要的术语。
1. Research Methods Essentials | 研究方法基础
Aim – A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate, the purpose of the study.
研究目的 – 研究者想要调查的总体陈述，即研究的目的。
Hypothesis – A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables, often written as an 'if…then' statement.
假设 – 关于两个或多个变量之间关系的可检验预测，通常写成“如果……那么……”的陈述。
Independent Variable (IV) – The factor that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the researcher.
自变量 (IV) – 研究者特意改变或操纵的因素。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The factor that is measured; it changes as a result of the IV.
因变量 (DV) – 被测量的因素；它随自变量的变化而变化。
Extraneous Variable – Any variable other than the IV that might affect the DV and needs to be controlled.
额外变量 – 除了自变量外任何可能影响因变量并需要控制的变量。
💡 Memory Hack: Think of IV as 'I vary it' and DV as 'Data value'. Control extraneous variables so your DV only dances to the IV's tune.
💡 记忆窍门：把 IV 想象成“我来改变”，DV 是“数据的值”。控制额外变量，让 DV 只随 IV 的节拍起舞。
2. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
Independent Groups Design – Different participants are used in each condition of the experiment.
独立组设计 – 在实验的每个条件下使用不同的参与者。
Repeated Measures Design – The same participants take part in all conditions of the experiment.
重复测量设计 – 同一批参与者参与实验的所有条件。
Matched Pairs Design – Participants are paired based on key characteristics, then each is assigned to a different condition.
配对组设计 – 根据关键特征将参与者配对，然后每对中一人被分到不同条件。
Random Allocation – Using chance to assign participants to conditions, reducing researcher bias.
随机分配 – 使用偶然方法将参与者分配到不同条件，减少研究者偏差。
💡 Memory Hack: 'Random allocates fairly, like drawing names from a hat.' Repeated measures = same people twice; Independent groups = fresh faces.
💡 记忆窍门：“随机分配就像从帽子里抽名字，确保公平。”重复测量 = 同一拨人测两遍；独立组 = 新面孔。
3. Memory: Key Processes | 记忆：关键过程
Encoding – The process of converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory.
编码 – 将感觉信息转换成可存储于记忆中的形式的过程。
Storage – The retention of encoded information over time.
存储 – 编码信息随时间被保留的过程。
Retrieval – The process of accessing and bringing stored information into conscious awareness.
提取 – 访问并将存储的信息带回意识层面的过程。
Short-Term Memory (STM) – A temporary store with limited capacity (7±2 chunks) and brief duration (about 18–30 seconds).
短时记忆 (STM) – 一个容量有限（7±2 个组块）且持续时间短暂（约 18–30 秒）的暂时储存器。
Long-Term Memory (LTM) – A relatively permanent store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration.
长时记忆 (LTM) – 一个相对永久的储存器，容量和持续时间几乎是无限的。
💡 Memory Aid: Encoding-Storage-Retrieval is like saving a file on a computer. STM is the tiny RAM; LTM is the massive hard drive.
💡 记忆辅助：编码-存储-提取就像在电脑上保存文件。STM 是小小的内存条；LTM 是庞大的硬盘。
4. Social Influence Vocabulary | 社会影响词汇
Conformity – A change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group, often due to real or imagined pressure.
从众 – 为了与群体保持一致而改变行为或信念，常源于真实或想象的压力。
Obedience – Following direct orders from an authority figure, even if they go against personal morals.
服从 – 遵从权威人物的直接命令，即使这些命令与个人道德相冲突。
Deindividuation – Loss of personal identity and self-awareness when in a large group, leading to disinhibited behaviour.
去个体化 – 在大群体中丧失个人身份和自我意识，导致去抑制的行为。
Bystander Effect – The tendency for people to be less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.
旁观者效应 – 当有其他人在场时，人们更不愿意在紧急情况下提供帮助的倾向。
💡 Association Trick: Conformity = 'Corn-form' your shape to fit. Obedience = 'Obey the dean'. Deindividuation = 'de-individual' in a crowd. Bystander = 'by-stander', just watching.
💡 联想技巧：从众 = 让你的形状“像玉米一样排齐”。服从 = 听从“院长”。去个体化 = 在人群中失去“个体”。旁观者 = “站在一边看”。
5. Perception and Illusions | 感知与错觉
Sensation – The process by which our sensory receptors detect physical energy from the environment.
感觉 – 我们的感官接收器检测环境中物理能量的过程。
Perception – The brain's interpretation and organisation of sensory information to give it meaning.
知觉 – 大脑对感觉信息进行解释和组织，赋予其意义。
Visual Illusion – A misperception of a visual stimulus, where what we see does not match physical reality.
视错觉 – 对视觉刺激的错误知觉，即我们看到的与物理现实不符。
Size Constancy – The ability to perceive an object as the same size even when its retinal image changes due to distance.
大小恒常性 – 即使物体因距离变化在视网膜上的影像大小改变，我们仍知觉其为同样大小的能力。
Müller-Lyer Illusion – Two lines of equal length appear different because of arrow-like ends pointing inward or outward.
缪勒-莱尔错觉 – 两条等长的线段因两端分别带有向内和向外的箭头而看起来长度不同。
💡 Memory Jog: Sensation is raw data; perception is the finished story. Size constancy stops cars from shrinking as they drive away. The Müller-Lyer illusion tricks us with arrows.
💡 记忆唤醒：感觉是原始数据；知觉是完成的故事。大小恒常性让驶远的汽车不变小。缪勒-莱尔错觉用箭头迷惑我们。
6. Development Key Words | 发展心理学关键术语
Egocentrism – The inability to see the world from another person's perspective, common in early childhood.
自我中心 – 无法从他人的角度看世界，常见于幼儿期。
Conservation – The understanding that quantity remains the same even when appearance changes, e.g., pouring liquid into a different shaped glass.
守恒 – 理解即使外观改变，数量仍然保持不变，例如将液体倒入不同形状的杯子。
Object Permanence – Knowing that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
客体永存 – 知道物体即使看不见也仍然继续存在。
Schema – A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that helps us organise and interpret information.
图式 – 一种帮助我们组织和解释信息的心理框架，包含信念与期望。
💡 Link to remember: Egocentrism = 'ego-centric' (I'm the centre). Conservation = 'conserve the amount'. Object permanence = peek-a-boo understanding. Schema = 'scheme' for thinking.
💡 记忆链接：自我中心 = “自我是中心”。守恒 = “保持数量”。客体永存 = 躲猫猫时的理解。图式 = 思维的“图式方案”。
7. Brain and Nervous System Lingo | 大脑与神经系统用语
Central Nervous System (CNS) – Comprises the brain and spinal cord, responsible for complex processing and coordination.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) – 包括脑和脊髓，负责复杂的处理和协调。
Sensory Neuron – A nerve cell that carries information from sensory receptors towards the CNS.
感觉神经元 – 将信息从感觉受器传向中枢神经系统的神经细胞。
Motor Neuron – A nerve cell that transmits instructions from the CNS to muscles and glands, causing movement or action.
运动神经元 – 将指令从中枢神经系统传至肌肉和腺体，引起运动或行动的神经细胞。
Localisation of Function – The idea that specific functions (e.g., language, movement) are associated with particular brain areas.
功能定位 – 特定功能（如语言、运动）与特定脑区相关联的观点。
💡 Neural Memory: Sensory neuron signals arrive; motor neuron says 'move!'. CNS is the commander. Localisation = each brain part has a local job.
💡 神经记忆：感觉神经元传来信号；运动神经元下令“动！”。CNS 是指挥官。功能定位 = 每个脑区有本地的工作任务。
8. Psychological Problems Terminology | 心理问题术语
Mental Health – A state of well-being in which an individual realises their own abilities, can cope with normal stresses, and work productively.
心理健康 – 一种个体能够认识到自身能力、应对正常压力并有效工作的一种良好状态。
Depression – A mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest, and low energy, affecting daily functioning.
抑郁症 – 一种以持续情绪低落、兴趣丧失和精力不足为特征的心境障碍，影响日常功能。
Phobia – An excessive, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity, leading to avoidance behaviour.
恐惧症 – 对特定物体、情境或活动的过度、非理性的恐惧，并导致回避行为。
ABC Model (Ellis) – A cognitive model where A (Activating event) triggers B (Beliefs) which lead to C (Consequences), explaining emotional responses.
ABC 模型 (埃利斯) – 一种认知模型，A（激活事件）引发 B（信念），进而导致 C（后果），用以解释情绪反应。
💡 e-pressed down; Phobia = intense fear; ABC Model: A→B→C, like alphabetical chain reaction.
💡 回忆提示：抑郁症 = 情绪被压下去了；恐惧症 = 强烈恐惧；ABC 模型：A→B→C，就像字母链式反应。
9. Data Handling and Sampling | 数据处理与抽样
Quantitative Data – Numerical data that can be counted or measured, such as scores or reaction times.
定量数据 – 可计数或测量的数字数据，如分数或反应时间。
Qualitative Data – Descriptive, non-numerical data that expresses qualities, feelings, or words.
定性数据 – 描述性的非数字数据，表达性质、感受或文字。
Random Sample – A sample where every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected.
随机样本 – 目标群体中每个成员被选中的机会均等的样本。
Opportunity Sample – A sample drawn from people who are readily available and willing to participate.
机会样本 – 从容易找到且愿意参与的人中抽取的样本。
💡 Qualitative = quality (description). Random sample is like lottery; opportunity sample is 'grab and go'.
💡 区分：定量 = 数量（数字）；定性 = 性质（描述）。随机样本如同抽奖；机会样本是“抓到谁就用谁”。
10. Validity, Reliability and Ethics | 效度、信度与伦理
Internal Validity – The extent to which a study measures what it intends to measure, free from confounding variables.
内部效度 – 研究在多大程度上测量了其意图测量的内容，不受混淆变量干扰。
External Validity – The degree to which findings can be generalised beyond the research setting, to other people, places, or times.
外部效度 – 研究发现能推广到研究情境之外、其他人群、地点或时间的程度。
Reliability – The consistency of a measure; if the study is repeated, similar results should be obtained.
信度 – 测量的一致性；若重复研究，应得到相似结果。
Informed Consent – Participants must be given full information about the study and agree to take part without coercion.
知情同意 – 参与者必须充分了解研究信息并自愿同意参加。
Right to Withdraw – Participants can leave the study at any time without penalty, even after the research has begun.
退出权利 – 参与者可以在任何时候无惩罚地退出研究，即使研究已经开始。
💡 Simplifying memory: Validity = 'is it true?'; Reliability = 'repeatable results'. Informed consent = permission slip; Right to withdraw = exit door always open.
💡 简化记忆：效度 = “真实吗？”；信度 = “结果可重复吗？”。知情同意 = 同意书；退出权利 = 出口永远敞开。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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