📚 Year 9 CIE Sociology Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | CIE 社会学9年级词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to the quick memorisation guide for Year 9 CIE Sociology. This article breaks down essential sociological terms with simple explanations, memorable tips, and paired English-Chinese paragraphs to help you master the vocabulary efficiently. From socialisation and culture to stratification and research methods, each section delivers keywords paired with clear definitions so you can learn actively and remember faster.
欢迎使用 CIE 社会学9年级词汇术语速记指南。本文通过简单解释、记忆技巧和中英对照段落，将核心社会学术语拆解消化，帮助你高效掌握词汇。从社会化与文化到社会分层和研究方法，每个部分都提供关键词和清晰定义，让你主动学习、快速记忆。
1. Foundational Concepts: Society, Culture and Socialisation | 基础概念：社会、文化与社会化
A society is a group of people who share a common territory and culture. Culture includes the language, beliefs, values, norms, and material objects that make up a people's way of life. Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalise the culture of their society.
社会是指共享同一地域和文化的群体。文化包括语言、信仰、价值观、规范和物质产品，构成人们的生活方式。社会化是个体终其一生学习和内化社会文化的过程。
Memorisation tip: Think of society as the "who" and "where", culture as the "what" and "how", and socialisation as the "process" of becoming a member.
记忆提示：将社会想象为“谁”和“在哪里”，文化是“什么”和“怎么做”，社会化则是成为其中一员的“过程”。
Primary socialisation happens in early childhood, mainly within the family, where basic norms and values are taught. Secondary socialisation occurs later through schools, peer groups, and the media, broadening the individual's social experience.
初级社会化发生在童年早期，主要在家庭中进行，教授基本规范和价值观。次级社会化则发生在之后，通过学校、同伴群体和媒体扩展个体的社会经验。
2. Key Agents of Socialisation | 社会化的关键动因
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups and institutions that shape our social development. The family is the primary agent, teaching language, basic morality and gender roles. Schools act as secondary agents by enforcing discipline, cooperation and academic expectations.
社会化动因是塑造我们社会发展的个人、群体和机构。家庭是首要动因，传授语言、基本道德和性别角色。学校作为次级动因，执行纪律、培养合作与学业期待。
The peer group provides a space for experimenting with identity and social skills outside adult control. Mass media transmits cultural norms and values on a wide scale, often reinforcing stereotypes.
同伴群体提供了在成人控制之外尝试身份认同和社交技能的空间。大众媒体广泛传播文化规范和价值观，往往会强化刻板印象。
Quick recall: Remember the acronym FAMM – Family, Agents (schools), Media, and Mass peer groups.
快速记忆：使用首字母缩写 FAMM——家庭、代理（学校）、媒体、大众/同伴群体。
3. Norms, Values and Social Control | 规范、价值观与社会控制
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is right, good and desirable in a society. Norms are the unwritten rules that guide everyday behaviour based on those values. Together they form the backbone of social order.
价值观是社会中关于什么是对、好和可取的深层信念。规范则是基于这些价值观指导日常行为的不成文规则。二者共同构成社会秩序的支柱。
Social control refers to the mechanisms society uses to ensure conformity to norms. Formal social control includes laws and official punishments, while informal social control relies on reactions from family, friends and community – such as ridicule or praise.
社会控制是指社会用来确保人们遵守规范的机制。正式社会控制包括法律和官方惩罚，而非正式社会控制则依赖家人、朋友和社区的反应——例如嘲笑或赞扬。
Memorise the pair: values = the "why", norms = the "what", and social control = the "how" of conformity.
记忆配对：价值观 = “为什么”，规范 = “做什么”，社会控制 = 如何确保一致性。
4. Role, Status and Identity | 角色、地位与身份
Status is the social position a person holds. It can be ascribed (given at birth, like sex or royal title) or achieved (earned through effort, like a qualification). Each status carries a set of expected behaviours called a role.
地位是个体所占据的社会位置。它可以是先赋的（与生俱来，如性别或王位），也可以是自致的（通过努力获得的，如学历）。每种地位都有一套预期行为，称为角色。
Identity is how we see ourselves and how others see us. Social identity comes from the groups we belong to and the roles we play. Personal identity is our unique sense of self.
身份是我们如何看待自己以及别人如何看待我们。社会身份来自我们所属的群体和扮演的角色。个人身份则是对自我独特性的认知。
Use this chain: Status leads to Role shapes Identity – SRI to remember the flow.
使用这个链条：地位带来角色塑造身份，简记 SRI。
5. Social Stratification Basics | 社会分层基础知识
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into layers based on wealth, power and prestige. It is a system of structured inequality that persists across generations. Key forms include class, caste, estate and slavery systems.
社会分层是根据财富、权力和声望将个体划分为不同层级的等级安排。它是一种跨代持续的结构性不平等体系。主要形式包括阶级制度、种姓制度、等级制度和奴隶制度。
In modern industrial societies, class is the main form of stratification. Class is based on economic factors such as income, property and occupation. It is more open than caste or slavery, meaning social mobility is possible.
在现代工业社会中，阶级是主要的分层形式。阶级基于收入、财产和职业等经济因素。它比种姓或奴隶制度更开放，意味着存在社会流动的可能。
Remember the three P's of stratification: Position, Power, and Prestige – all linked to life chances.
记住分层的三个 P：地位、权力和声望——都与人生机会相关。
6. Social Mobility: Movement Between Layers | 社会流动：层级间的移动
Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups between social positions. Vertical mobility refers to moving up or down the hierarchy, while horizontal mobility involves changing jobs or roles at the same level. Intergenerational mobility measures changes between parents and children.
社会流动是指个体或群体在社会位置之间的移动。垂直流动指在等级体系中向上或向下移动，水平流动则是在同一层级内改变工作或角色。代际流动衡量父母与子女之间的变化。
Structural factors like education systems, discrimination and economic change affect mobility rates. In meritocratic societies, effort and talent are supposed to determine placement, but hidden privileges often interfere.
教育体系、歧视和经济变迁等结构性因素影响流动率。在精英制社会中，努力和才华应该决定地位，但隐藏的特权常常干扰这一过程。
Think of the ladder: climbing up (upward mobility), sliding down (downward mobility), or stepping sideways (horizontal mobility).
想象梯子：向上爬（向上流动），向下滑（向下流动），或横跨一步（水平流动）。
7. Gender and Socialisation | 性别与社会化
Gender refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviours and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women. It is distinct from sex, which is biological. Gender socialisation begins at birth through toys, colours, language and parental expectations.
性别指社会和文化上认为适合男性和女性的角色、行为和属性。它与生理性别不同，后者是生物学概念。性别社会化从出生就开始，通过玩具、颜色、语言和父母的期望进行。
Patriarchy describes a social system where men hold primary power and dominate roles of political leadership, moral authority and control of property. Feminism is the movement advocating for gender equality and challenging patriarchal structures.
父权制描述一种社会体系，其中男性掌握主要权力，主导政治领导、道德权威和财产控制。女性主义是倡导性别平等并挑战父权结构的运动。
atriarchy = male power, Feminism = equality movement. Link them with the image of a seesaw – feminism aims to balance it.
回忆关键词：性别 vs. 生理性别，父权制 = 男性权力，女性主义 = 平等运动。用跷跷板的形象将它们联系起来——女性主义旨在使其平衡。
8. Ethnicity, Race and Discrimination | 族群、种族与歧视
Race is a socially constructed category based on physical differences such as skin colour. Ethnicity refers to shared culture, language, history and ancestry. Both concepts affect patterns of inequality.
种族是基于肤色等身体差异的社会建构类别。族群则指共同的文化、语言、历史和祖先。这两个概念都影响不平等的模式。
Prejudice means pre-judging someone based on stereotypes without evidence. Discrimination is the action that treats people unfairly because of their group membership. Institutional racism occurs when discrimination is built into the structures of organisations.
偏见指在没有证据的情况下基于刻板印象对他人进行预判。歧视是根据群体身份不公平对待他人的行为。当歧视被植入组织架构中时，就产生了制度性种族主义。
Memorise the chain: Stereotype leads to Prejudice leads to Discrimination – SPD.
记忆链条：刻板印象导致偏见导致歧视——SPD。
9. Family Types and Household Structures | 家庭类型与住户结构
The nuclear family consists of two parents and their children living together. The extended family includes additional relatives such as grandparents, aunts and uncles. A household is any group of people living together, which may or may not be based on kinship.
核心家庭由父母和子女同住组成。扩展家庭还包括祖父母、姑姨叔舅等其他亲属。住户是指任何同住的人群，可能基于亲属关系也可能不是。
Other forms include single-parent families, reconstituted families (stepfamilies), and same-sex parent families. Diversity in family forms is increasing in contemporary societies due to divorce, remarriage and changing social attitudes.
其他形式包括单亲家庭、重组家庭（再婚家庭）和同性父母家庭。由于离婚、再婚和社会观念变化，当代社会中家庭形式的多样性正在增加。
house expanding: nuclear = small, extended = more rooms added, household = any occupants.
想象一栋房子在扩展：核心家庭 = 小房子，扩展家庭 = 增加了更多房间，住户 = 任何居住其中的人。
10. Education: Functions and Inequality | 教育：功能与不平等
Functionalist perspective sees education as a vital agency of socialisation that transmits norms, values and skills, preparing young people for the economy. It promotes meritocracy and social integration.
功能主义观点认为教育是一个重要的社会化机构，传递规范、价值观和技能，使年轻人为经济做准备。它促进精英制和社会整合。
Marxist perspective views education as reinforcing class inequality by reproducing the capitalist workforce. The hidden curriculum teaches obedience, hierarchy and acceptance of one's place. Schools advantage middle-class children through cultural capital.
马克思主义观点认为教育通过再生产资本主义劳动力来强化阶级不平等。隐性课程教导服从、等级制度和接受个人地位。学校通过文化资本使中产阶级子女获益。
Key contrast: Functionalism says education bridges opportunity; Marxism says it mirrors class division. Remember FUNC vs. MARX.
关键对比：功能主义说教育是机会的桥梁；马克思主义说它反映了阶级分化。记住 FUNC 对 MARX。
11. Research Methods: Key Terms for Data Collection | 研究方法：数据收集的关键术语
Primary data is original information collected first-hand for a specific study, through methods like questionnaires, interviews and observation. Secondary data is information that already exists, such as official statistics, historical records and previous studies.
一手数据是为特定研究收集的第一手原始信息，通过问卷、访谈和观察等方法获得。二手数据是已经存在的信息，如官方统计、历史记录和先前的研究。
Quantitative methods produce numerical data that can be statistically analysed (e.g., surveys). Qualitative methods gather in-depth, non-numerical data about meanings and experiences (e.g., unstructured interviews, participant observation).
定量方法生成可进行统计分析的数字数据（如调查）。定性方法收集关于意义和经验的深度非数字数据（如非结构化访谈、参与式观察）。
Sample refers to a subset of the population selected to take part in research. Random and stratified sampling help improve representativeness. Validity means the research measures what it claims to; reliability means results can be repeated.
样本是从总体中选出参与研究的子集。随机抽样和分层抽样有助于提高代表性。效度指研究真正测量到它声称要测量的东西；信度指结果可以重复。
Quick pair: Quantitative = numbers, Qualitative = words and stories.
快速配对：定量 = 数字，定性 = 词语和故事。
12. Political Sociology: Power and Authority | 政治社会学：权力与权威
Power is the ability to get others to do what you want, even against their will. Authority is power that is accepted as legitimate by those subjected to it. Max Weber identified three types of authority: traditional, charismatic and legal-rational.
权力是让他人做你想做的事情的能力，即使违背其意愿。权威是被施加者接受为正当的权力。马克斯·韦伯识别了三种权威类型：传统型、魅力型和法理型。
Traditional authority rests on long-established customs (e.g., monarchy). Charismatic authority arises from personal qualities of a leader (e.g., revolutionary figure). Legal-rational authority is based on formal rules and procedures (e.g., elected government).
传统型权威依靠久已确立的习俗（如君主制）。魅力型权威源于领导者的个人特质（如革命人物）。法理型权威基于正式规则和程序（如民选政府）。
Democracy is a political system where citizens exercise power by voting. Citizenship denotes membership in a political community with rights and responsibilities. Both concepts are central to the study of power distribution.
民主是一种政治体系，公民通过投票行使权力。公民身份表示拥有权利和责任的政体成员身份。这两个概念是研究权力分配的核心。
Remember the three A's of Weber: Ancient (traditional), Attractive (charismatic), and Approved-rules (legal-rational).
记住韦伯的三个 A：Ancient（传统型）、Attractive（魅力型）和 Approved-rules（法理型）。
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