📚 Year 9 CIE Spanish: Formulas & Theorems Quick-Reference | 九年级CIE西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook turns the core grammar of the Year 9 CIE Spanish course into a set of clear, learnable formulas. Just as you memorise equations in maths, you can apply these Spanish 'theorems' to build correct sentences from the very first lesson. Keep it handy for homework, revision and in-class writing.
这本速查手册将九年级CIE西班牙语课程的核心语法转化为一组组清晰、可套用的公式。就像记忆数学方程一样，你可以运用这些西班牙语“定理”从第一课开始就造出正确的句子。无论是做作业、复习还是课堂写作，都可以随时查阅。
1. Present Tense Regular Verbs: -AR, -ER, -IR | 现在时规则动词变位公式
The present tense is your foundation. For regular verbs, remove the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) to find the stem, then add the correct ending depending on who is doing the action. Think of it as a stem + ending formula.
现在时是语法的基础。对于规则动词，去掉不定式词尾（-ar, -er, -ir）得到词干，然后根据动作的主体添加正确的词尾。可以把这个过程看作是“词干 + 词尾”的公式。
For -AR verbs like hablar (to speak): stem = habl-. Add endings: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.
以 -AR 动词 hablar（说）为例：词干为 habl-。加上词尾：-o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an。
yo hablo | tú hablas | él/ella/usted habla | nosotros/as hablamos | vosotros/as habláis | ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan
For -ER verbs like comer (to eat): stem = com-. Add endings: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en.
以 -ER 动词 comer（吃）为例：词干为 com-。加上词尾：-o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en。
yo como | tú comes | él/ella/usted come | nosotros/as comemos | vosotros/as coméis | ellos/ellas/ustedes comen
For -IR verbs like vivir (to live): stem = viv-. Add endings: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en.
以 -IR 动词 vivir（居住）为例：词干为 viv-。加上词尾：-o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en。
yo vivo | tú vives | él/ella/usted vive | nosotros/as vivimos | vosotros/as vivís | ellos/ellas/ustedes viven
2. Irregular Verbs: SER, ESTAR, TENER, IR, HACER | 核心不规则动词：SER, ESTAR, TENER, IR, HACER
These five irregular verbs are used in countless everyday sentences. They do not follow the regular patterns, so you need to learn them as fixed 'theorems'. Each one has its own unique shape in the present tense.
这五个不规则动词在日常表达中无处不在。它们不遵循规则变化，因此需要作为固定的“定理”来记忆。每一个在现在时中都有自己独特的形态。
| SER (to be, permanent) | ESTAR (to be, temporary/location) | TENER (to have) | IR (to go) | HACER (to do/make) |
| yo soy | yo estoy | yo tengo | yo voy | yo hago |
| tú eres | tú estás | tú tienes | tú vas | tú haces |
| él/ella/usted es | él/ella/usted está | él/ella/usted tiene | él/ella/usted va | él/ella/usted hace |
| nosotros/as somos | nosotros/as estamos | nosotros/as tenemos | nosotros/as vamos | nosotros/as hacemos |
| vosotros/as sois | vosotros/as estáis | vosotros/as tenéis | vosotros/as vais | vosotros/as hacéis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes son | ellos/ellas/ustedes están | ellos/ellas/ustedes tienen | ellos/ellas/ustedes van | ellos/ellas/ustedes hacen |
Memorise these forms as if they were multiplication tables: once they are automatic, you can express identity, location, possession, future plans and actions with ease.
像背诵乘法口诀一样熟记这些形式：一旦变成自动反应，你就能轻松表达身份、位置、拥有、未来计划和动作。
3. The GUSTAR Formula and Similar Verbs | 动词GUSTAR及类似结构公式
In English we say 'I like pizza'. Spanish flips the structure: the liked thing becomes the subject, and the person is an indirect object. The formula uses an indirect object pronoun plus gusta (singular thing) or gustan (plural thing).
英语中说“我喜欢披萨”。西班牙语颠倒了结构：被喜欢的事物成为主语，人则成为间接宾语。公式是：间接宾语代词加上 gusta（单数事物）或 gustan（复数事物）。
(A mí) me gusta + singular noun / infinitive | (A mí) me gustan + plural noun
The pronouns follow a clear pattern: me, te, le, nos, os, les. You can add 'a + pronoun' for clarity or emphasis, but it is not always necessary. The same rule applies to verbs like encantar (to love), interesar (to interest) and aburrir (to bore):
代词遵循清晰的模式：me, te, le, nos, os, les。可以加上“a + 代词”表示强调或澄清，但并非总是必须。同样的规则也适用于 encantar（热衷）、interesar（使感兴趣）和 aburrir（使厌烦）等动词：
Me encanta la música. | Nos interesan los deportes. | Les aburre la televisión.
4. Immediate Future: IR A + Infinitive | 近将来时公式：IR A + 不定式
To talk about what you are going to do, use the formula: conjugated form of IR + a + infinitive. This is the most reliable way to express future intentions at Year 9 level, and it works for every verb without exception.
要谈论你将要做的事情，使用公式：IR 的变位形式 + a + 动词不定式。这是九年级阶段表达未来打算最可靠的方式，并且对所有动词无一例外都适用。
Voy a estudiar. | Vas a comer. | Va a llover. | Vamos a salir. | Vais a ganar. | Van a visitar.
Simply decline ir in the present tense and attach the phrase 'a + the infinitive of any other verb'. It is as straightforward as a mathematical substitution formula.
只需把 ir 在现在时中进行变位，然后接上“a + 任何动词的不定式”。这和数学中的代入公式一样简单直接。
5. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词公式
Every Spanish noun has a gender and number. The article you choose must match the noun exactly. The formula is: article (gender + number) + noun.
每个西班牙语名词都有性和数。你选择的冠词必须与名词完全匹配。公式为：冠词（性 + 数）+ 名词。
Definite articles (the): el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural), las (feminine plural).
定冠词：el（阳性单数）、la（阴性单数）、los（阳性复数）、las（阴性复数）。
Indefinite articles (a/an/some): un (masculine singular), una (feminine singular), unos (masculine plural), unas (feminine plural).
不定冠词：un（阳性单数）、una（阴性单数）、unos（阳性复数）、unas（阴性复数）。
el libro | la mesa | los amigos | las flores | un perro | una silla | unos chicos | unas chicas
6. Noun-Adjective Agreement | 名词与形容词性数一致定理
The adjective must agree with the noun it describes in both gender and number. The basic formula: take the masculine singular form of the adjective and change the ending according to the noun.
形容词必须在性和数上与其修饰的名词保持一致。基本公式：取形容词的阳性单数形式，然后根据名词改变词尾。
Most adjectives ending in -o have four forms: -o (masc. sing.), -a (fem. sing.), -os (masc. pl.), -as (fem. pl.). Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant usually only add -s or -es for the plural, keeping the same form for both genders.
大多数以 -o 结尾的形容词有四种形式：-o（阳性单数）、-a（阴性单数）、-os（阳性复数）、-as（阴性复数）。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常只在复数时加 -s 或 -es，且不区分阴阳性。
un sofá rojo → unos sofás rojos | una casa blanca → unas casas blancas | un examen difícil → unos exámenes difíciles | un chico inteligente → unos chicos inteligentes
7. Possessive Adjectives | 物主形容词公式
Possessive adjectives tell us who owns something. They always agree with the noun they modify in number, and 'nuestro' and 'vuestro' also agree in gender. The formula: possessive + noun.
物主形容词表示所属关系。它们总是与所修饰名词在数上保持一致，而“nuestro”和“vuestro”还要在性上保持一致。公式为：物主形容词 + 名词。
| Singular | Plural | Meaning |
| mi | mis | my |
| tu | tus | your (singular informal) |
| su | sus | his / her / your (formal) / their |
| nuestro/a | nuestros/as | our |
| vuestro/a | vuestros/as | your (plural informal, Spain) |
Key point: the possessive matches the possessed item, not the owner. 'His house' is 'su casa' even if the owner is male; 'our books' is 'nuestros libros' because 'libros' is masculine plural.
关键点：物主形容词与被拥有的事物一致，而非与拥有者一致。“他的房子”是“su casa”，即使拥有者是男性；“我们的书”是“nuestros libros”，因为“libros”是阳性复数。
8. Direct Object Pronouns | 直接宾语代词公式
To avoid repeating the same noun over and over, Spanish uses direct object pronouns. They answer the question 'what?' or 'whom?'. The pronouns are placed directly before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of an infinitive or gerund.
为了避免不断重复同一个名词，西班牙语使用直接宾语代词。它们回答“什么？”或“谁？”的问题。这些代词放在变位动词之前，或者附着在不定式或副动词的末尾。
| me (me) | nos (us) |
| te (you informal singular) | os (you informal plural) |
| lo (him / it masc.) / la (her / it fem.) | los (them masc.) / las (them fem.) |
Position formula: pronoun + conjugated verb or infinitive with pronoun attached. Both structures are common and equally correct.
位置公式：代词 + 变位动词，或代词附着在不定式后。两种结构都很常见且同样正确。
Lo veo. | La compro. | Voy a verlo / Lo voy a ver. | ¿Dónde están las llaves? No las encuentro.
9. Prepositions of Place | 地点介词公式
To describe where things are, use the formula: ESTAR (conjugated) + preposition of place + location/noun. The prepositions themselves are fixed phrases; they act like miniature formulas you can insert into any sentence.
描述物品的位置时，使用公式：ESTAR（变位）+ 地点介词 + 地点/名词。介词本身是固定短语，就像可以插入任何句子的微型公式。
Essential preposition pack: encima de (on top of), debajo de (underneath), al lado de (next to), delante de (in front of), detrás de (behind), entre (between), enfrente de (opposite), dentro de (inside), fuera de (outside).
必备介词包：encima de（在...上面）、debajo de（在...下面）、al lado de（在...旁边）、delante de（在...前面）、detrás de（在...后面）、entre（在...之间）、enfrente de（在...对面）、dentro de（在...里面）、fuera de（在...外面）。
El gato está debajo de la mesa. | El banco está al lado de la farmacia. | Mi casa está enfrente del parque.
10. Forming Questions | 构成疑问句的定理
In English we often change word order or add 'do' to form a question. Spanish question formation is much simpler: you can raise your intonation at the end of a statement, or you can use an interrogative word with an inverted question mark at the start. The core formula: ¿ question word + verb + subject ?
英语中构成疑问句常常需要改变语序或添加“do”。西班牙语的疑问句构成要简单得多：可以在陈述句末尾提升语调，也可以使用疑问词并在开头加上倒问号。核心公式：¿疑问词 + 动词 + 主语？
Key question words: ¿Qué? (What?), ¿Cómo? (How?), ¿Dónde? (Where?), ¿Cuándo? (When?), ¿Por qué? (Why?), ¿Quién? (Who?), ¿Cuál? (Which?).
关键疑问词：¿Qué?（什么？）、¿Cómo?（如何？）、¿Dónde?（哪里？）、¿Cuándo?（何时？）、¿Por qué?（为什么？）、¿Quién?（谁？）、¿Cuál?（哪一个？）。
¿Dónde vives? | ¿Cómo estás? | ¿Qué hora es? | ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
Remember that when an interrogative word is present, the verb usually comes right after it, before the subject. This inversion is a reliable formula for correct question structure.
记住，当有疑问词时，动词通常紧接其后，位于主语之前。这种倒装是构成正确疑问句结构的可靠公式。
11. Comparisons: MÁS...QUE, MENOS...QUE, TAN...COMO | 比较级公式：MÁS...QUE, MENOS...QUE, TAN...COMO
Comparisons in Spanish follow rigid patterns. To say something is more or less than something else, use más + adjective + que or menos + adjective + que. To say something is as ... as something else, use tan + adjective + como.
西班牙语中的比较遵循固定的模式。表示某物比另一物更多或更少，使用 más + 形容词 + que 或 menos + 形容词 + que。表示某物与另一物一样，使用 tan + 形容词 + como。
Mi hermano es más alto que yo. | Este libro es menos interesante que aquél. | Sofía es tan inteligente como Marta.
For comparisons of quantity with nouns, use más + noun + que and menos + noun + que. With numbers, insert 'de' instead of 'que' before the numeral.
对名词数量进行比较时，使用 más + 名词 + que 和 menos + 名词 + que。如果与数字连用，在数字前用“de”代替“que”。
Tengo más libros que tú. | Hay menos de veinte estudiantes en la clase.
12. Key Opinion Phrases and Because-Justification | 观点表达与“因为”论证公式
At Year 9 you are expected to give opinions and justify them. The standard formula is: opinion phrase + porque + reason. This simple combination allows you to extend every answer and reach higher marks.
九年级阶段要求你给出观点并加以论证。标准公式是：观点短语 + porque + 理由。这个简单的组合能让你扩展每一个答案并取得更高的分数。
Opinion bank: Me gusta(n) (I like), No me gusta(n) (I don't like), Prefiero (I prefer), Odio (I hate), Me encanta(n) (I love), Creo que (I think that), <
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